CONSTRUCTION STAKING
- Prior to the construction activity the design information has to be moved from the plan to the ground. This is accomplished by staking. Slope stakes are an effective way to insure compliance with the design standards and to keep soil disturbance to an absolute minimum. Various staking methods can be employed. The method discussed here is but one example.
- Stakes, marking various road design points, are typically obliterated during the clearing and grubbing phase. In order to relocate the stakes (centerline, slope stakes). It is helpful to establish reference points outside the clearing limits. Reference point should be set a least 3 to 5 meters behind the uphill clearing limits. On the average, reference point should be set at least every 70 to 100 meters. Typically, reference point are placed at point where the enter in alignment can be easily re-established, such as points of curvature.
- Stakes are used by the equipment operator in locating where to begin cutting. If the selected starting point is too high, considerably more material has to be cut in order to construct the proper subgrade. For example if the cut results in 920 percent wider subgrade, approximately 50 percent more volume has to be excavated. If the cut is placed too low, an overstepped cut slope or extra side casting may result, both of which are undesirable.
- Starting the cut at the proper point become more important as the side slope increases. As a rule, slope stakes should be set when slide slopes exceed 40 to 45 percent depending on the sensitivity of the area and the operator’s experience.
- Here, the engineer stands on the preliminary centerline of the construction grade and sights for the reference point. A slope reading of 30 percent and a slope distance of 5.53m is recorded. Converting the slope distance of 5.53m to a horizontal distance of 5.30m and to vertical distance of 1.59m allows the engineer to determine how much the “present” or preliminary centre line has to be shifted to conform with the design centerline. The RP tag requires 6.50 horizontal distance to centerline with a vertical drop of 4.80m from that information it can be seen that an additional 1.56 m (4.80- (1.59 + 1.65)= 1.56) has to be cut and the percent location has to be shifted by 1.2m (6.50 – 5.30 = 1.20). Height of instrument or eye level is assumed to be 1.65m.
- Clearing and Grubbing of the road construction area
Preparing the road right – of- way- or construction area is referred to as clearing and grubbing. During the clearing phase, trees are felled. Grubbing refers to the clearing and removal of stumps and organic debris. Trees should be felled and cleared a minimum of 1 to 3m from the top of the cut or toe of the fill. The logs can be decked outside the construction area or skidded away.
Clearing limits in relation to road bed widths. Significant quantities of organic materials are removed between B and E. Stumps are removed stump are placed in windows at f to serve as filter strips.
This additional width between construction width and forest edge ensures that space is available to deposit organic debris outside the road construction width and that there is no overlap between forest edge and construction area.
Bulldozer in Road Construction
Probably the most common price of equipment in forest road construction is the bulldozer equipped with straight or u- type. The economic haul or push distance from 17 to 90 meters depending on grade. The road design should consider the following points when bulldozers are to be used for road construction.
- Roads should be full benched. Earth is side cast and then wasted rather than used to build up side cast fills.
- Earth is moved down- grade with the aid of gravity, not up- grade.
- Fill material is borrowed rather than pushed or handled farther than the economic limit of the bulldozer.
- Rock outcrops should be by passed. Unless substantial rock blasting is specified requiring drilling and blasting equipment, solid rock faces should be avoided (this however, is primarily a road locator’s responsibility).
- Advantage and Disadvantage of road construction.
Road is important a route, that connect two places that has been paved. Pavement road is road design for vehicles to go on it.
There are many types of road such as municipal road, federal road, and much more. Road design with two lane for tow- way direction for the not busy area. Road with three or more lanes is known as highways. Designs of highways and roads request enormous amounts of materials for their construction. The need for earth- based materials makes impacts of energy consumption, resource depletion and natural degradation. Thus, to preserve nature we can use glass cullet to replace a certain amount of natural aggregate as sates by Finkle and Ksaibati in their study Recycled Glass utilization in High way construction.
- The Cost Effect of Accident on the Road
- The form/ company
The following item Accident happen on site
- Transporting the injured man to hospital.
- The time lost by other employees in assisting the injured man.
- Additional time loss through other employees stopping work out sympathy or out of cursoity.
- The cost of supenessory staff investigation the accident.
- Resplanning the work
- The other employees/ workers
- The possible loss of bonus due to the delay in the work or the possible loss of a keyman
- The loss of morales this is difficult to assess interm of money but it has an adverse effect on production.
