TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page –      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Certification –        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Dedication –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Acknowledgement –       –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Table of Contents –        –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.1   Types of phospholipids –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.1.1 Glycerophospholipids –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.1.2 Shingosphospholipids –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2   Source of Phospholipids –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2.1   Phospholipids in Egg –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2.2 Phospholipids in Milk –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2.3   Phospholipids in Soybean –       –         –         –         –         –         –

2.3   Absorption of phospholipids –     –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4  Physiological Properties of phospholipids –      –         –         –         –

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Health impact of phospholipids

3.1.1   Phospholipids and liver disease

3.1.2   Phospholipids and cholesterol

3.1.3 Phospholipids and Brain Development

3.1.4   Phospholipids and Exercise Capacity

3.1.5   Phospholipids and Cancer

3.1.6   Phospholipids and Immunological function

3.2   Phospolipids in the regulation of Blood Lipid Profile

3.3   Phospholipids and Biochemical functions

CHAPTER FOUR

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1   Summary

4.2  Conclusion

       References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           INTRODUCTION

Phospholipids (Pls) are amphiphilic lipids found in all plant and animals cell membrane arranged a lipid bilayers. The phospholipids found in most cell membrane are basically glyceropholipids (GPLs) which consists of fatty acids(FA) esterified to a glycerol backbone, phosphate group and a hydrophilic residue (e.g) cholinc resulting in phosphatidylchline or lecithin) (Bitman J. et al; 1998). The backbone backbone of a phospholipid can also be the long chain amino alcohol sphingosin instead of glycerol. The phospholipid are classified as sphingophospholipids. The most representative being sphingomyelin found in high quatities in brain and neutral tissue, consisting of spingosin esterified to one FA and phosphocholine.

Phospholipid are ubiquitous in nature and are essential for the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Their structural and functional properties are pivotal for the survival of the cell. Although phospholipids are present in almost all foods, egg, soybeans, milk, and other daily products are especially good sources. The qualities consumed are not well defined. Though dietary phospholipids are often discuss in the literature, however, the head group and the phospholipids molecules themselves also have different properties, which are sometimes neglected. This review focuses on the effect of phospholipids (with emphasis phosphatidy/choline and srine) on the liver plasma cholesterol, the brain and cognition and the capacity for exercise. In particular, the prevention of dementia and the improvement of exercise capacity are area where dietary supplement baaed on phospholipids are heavily marketed. But is it always justified? The aim of the study is to review the scientifically proven impacts of phospholipids the living stem.

Phospholipids are phosphoric, amphiphilic (chemical compounds possessing both a hydrophilic and a hydrophilic nature) lipids and are constituents of membrane lipids. They make up the main component of the lipid bilayer of bio-membranes. Many discoveries have shown that phospholipids are not limited only to being structural component of the cell membranes. (Bunea  et al; 2004)

Phospholipids help carry out the functions of the membranes and regulated biological processes such as signaling as well as being involved in metabolic neurologic diseases.