TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgements         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv-v

Table of Contents   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         vi-vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Introduction –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1-2

1.2     Green House Effect          –         –         –         –         –         –         2

1.3     Effect of Carbon dioxide on the Earth’s Energy Budget     –         2-3

1.4     Radiation Absorption by Carbon dioxide       –         –         –         3-4

1.5     Effect on Global Warming         –         –         –         –         –         4

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Causes of Greenhouse Gases     –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2     Greenhouse Effect Solution       –         –         –         –         –         6

2.3     Greenhouse Gases –         –         –         –         –         –         –         7

2.4     Greenhouse Gass Emissions      –         –         –         –         –         7-8

2.5     The five Major Greenhouse Gases       –         –         –         –         8-9

2.6     The Five Major Greenhouse Gases      –         –         –         –         9-12

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     Greenhouse Effect –         –         –         –         –         –         –         13
3.2     Impact on Environment of Greenhouse Effect         –         –         14-15

3.3     Reduction and Control Measures of Greenhouse Gases     –         15-16

3.4     Sources of Greenhouse Gases    –         –         –         –         –         16-17

3.5     Where Greenhouse Gases come from  –         –         –         –         17-19

3.6     The consequences of the Greenhouse Effect  –         –         –         19-20

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary/conclusion       –         –         –         –         –         –         21

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Gimatologist believe that increasing atmosphere concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by human activities, such as burning of fossil fuel and deforestation are warming the earth. The mechanism is commonly known as the “greenhouse effect” is what makes the earth habitable. These gases in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, letting the sunlight in and preventing heat from escaping. But the human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases-primarily carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide (Bhorn et al., 2012).

Rise in environment temperature are changes in related process are directly connected to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the atmosphere. This rise in temperature was vehemently argued to be generally triggered by emission of carbon based compound from fossil fuels consumptions for power generation. The concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are all known to be increasing and in present year. So their greenhouse gases, principally chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) have been added in significant quantities in the atmosphere (Arman et al., 2014).

1.2 Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the natural warming of the earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape into space. Example of greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (Marco et al., 2014).

1.3 Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Earth’s Energy Budget

Earth constantly absorbs energy from sunlight and emits thermal radiation as infrared light. In the long run, Earth radiates the same amount of energy per second as it absorbs, because the amount of thermal radiation emitted depends upon temperature. If earth absorbs more energy per second than it radiates, earth heats up and the thermal radiation will increase, until balance is restored; if Earth absorbs less energy than it radiates, it cools down and thermal radiation will decrease again until balance is restored (Mohammed et al., 2012).

Atmosphere CO₂ absorbs some of the energy radiated by the ground, but it emits itself thermal radiation for example, in some wavelength the atmosphere is totally opaque due to absorption by CO₂ at these wavelength, looking at Earth from outer space one would not see the ground but the atmosphere CO₂ and hence its thermal radiation – rather than the ground’s thermal radiation (Bjourn et al., 2012). Had the atmosphere been at the same temperature as the ground, this would not change earth’s energy budget but since the radiation is emitted from atmosphere layers that are cooler than the ground, less radiation is emitted. As CO₂ content of the atmosphere increases due to human activity this process intensifies and the total radiation emitted by Earth diminished, therefore, Earth heats up until the balance is restored.

1.4 Radiation Absorption by Carbon Dioxides

Absorption cross sections for CO₂ (green) and water vapour (purple). The wavelength most relevant to climate change are those where the green plot crosses the upper horizontal line, representing a CO₂ level somewhat larger than the current concentration (John and Mitchell, 2012).

CO2 absorbs the ground’s thermal radiation mainly at wavelength between 13 and 17 micron. At this wavelength range, it is almost responsible for the attenuation of radiation from the ground. The amount of the ground radiation that is transmitted through the atmosphere in each wavelength is related to the optical depth of the atmosphere at this (Scott et al., 2013).

1.5 Effect on Global Warming

On average, the total power of thermal radiation emitted by Earth is equal to the power absorbed from sunlight. As CO₂ level rise the emitted radiation can maintain this equilibrium only if the temperature increase so that the total emitted radiation can maintain this equilibrium only if the temperature increases, so that the total emitted radiation is unchanged (average over enough time in the order of few years so that diurnal and annual periods are average upon) (Bruce and Uwe, 2016).