TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

CERTIFICATION           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

DEDICATION     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

TABLE OF CONTENT   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v-vi

CHAPTER ONE           

1.0 INTRODUCTION –         –         –         –         –         –         1-5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT –         –         –         –         –         6-7

2.1     Properties of Industrial Effluent           –         –         –         –         7

2.2     Physiochemical Properties         –         –         –         –         –         7-10

2.3     Microbial Properties        –         –         –         –         –         –         10-12

2.4     Water Pollution     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         12-15

2.5     Point Source Pollution     –         –         –         –         –         –         16

2.6     Non- Point Source Pollution      –         –         –         –         –         16-18

CHAPTER THREE      

3.0 IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT       –         –         –         –         –         19-21

3.1     Impact on Water Bodies (Hydrosphere)        –         –         –         21-23

3.2     Impact on Soil (Lithosphere)     –         –         –         –         –         23-24

3.3     Impact of Air (Atmosphere)      –         –         –         –         –         24

3.4     Impact on Human Health           –         –         –         –         –         24-25

CHAPTER FOUR        

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1     Conclusion  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         26-28

4.2     Recommendation   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         28-29

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Effluent is a sewage water that has been (partially) treated and is released into a natural body of water, a flow of any liquid waste.

Nigerian at the moment has established industrial like petroleum refining, soap and detergent, food and beverage, brewery, textiles and apparels, building materials, timber products, wood and leather works, metal works,  chemicals and plastics, industries (Wingle, 1998).

All these industries produce various effluent that are discharged into the environment. Most large cities in Nigeria e.g. Lagos, port Harcourt, Ibadan, Kano, etc, are feelings the pinch of pollution from industrial effluent. It is needless to talk of tons of effluent disposed indiscriminately into the lagoon, rivers, streams and lands. It has been realized that discharges of untreated or partially treated wastes containing algal nutrients, non-biodegradable organisms, heavy metals and other toxicants hasten the deterioration of receiving water bodies. There has been growing awareness of the need for effective  treatments of various effluents before discharging into any public water body (Olaniyi et al., 2012).

Man exerts many effects which directly or indirectly effects his environment. The development of industries and extensive urbanization means increased water consumption and pollution resulting from problems of waste disposal. Unfortunately in most developing countries like Nigerian, effluent quality standards imposed by legislation (where they exist) are sometimes  easily flouted (Sowers, 2009).

Industrial effluents are liquid wastes which are produced in the course of industrial activities. Over the years, the improper disposal of industrial waste water effluent has been a major problem and source of concern to both government and industrialists. In most cases, the disposal or discharge of effluents, even when there are technologically and economically achievable for particular standards, do not always comply with pretreatment requirements and with applicable toxic-pollutants-effluent limitations or prohibitions. The consequences of these anomalies is a high degree of environments pollution, leading to serous health hazards.

The  effluent generated from domestic and industrial activities constitute the major sources of the natural water pollution. This is a great burden in terms of waste water management and can consequently lead to a point-source pollution problem which not only increases treatment and microbial contaminanta to water sources (Owuli, 2003).

Industrial effluent contains toxic and hazardous materials from the waste that settle in river water as bottom sediment and constitute health hazardous to the urban population that depend on the water as source of supply for domestic uses. The levels of chemicals including those of heavy metals are concentrated in the organic matter of sediments which influence the adsorption of metallic elements (Olaniyi et al., 2012).

A large proportion of the rural population in the developing world takes water from natural sources directly for drinking. These sources are exposed to contamination with faecally-contaminated items. Water from these sources are not usually treated at all or treated insufficiently to ensure acceptability according to international guidelines.

Natural waters are therefore never pure; and water being a universal solvent dissolves many chemicals substances and also carries in suspension many impurities. It contains small plants and animals, many of which are not visible to the human eye.  Water quality is adversely effected when it is polluted by various pollutants and if these pollutants exceed certain limits, the water will be harmful to human health  not portable.

Portable water for domestic use should be free from pathogenic microorganisms and toxic substances such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, drinking water should be odourless, tasteless, colourless and devoid of particulate matters.

The protection of public health requires that people be supplied with water of adequate quality which satisfies the minimum quality standards. An effective programme to control drinking water quality requires that adequate supportive legislation be available, quality standards be evolved for the country, and that surveillance be carried out regularly. An environmental demand from human activities due to urban industrialization and developments increasingly affect the water quality of surface waters; thus an acute societal and global need to monitor water quality characteristics of some rivers (Akaninwor et al., 2007).

The prevention of pollution of water sources and protection of public health by safeguarding water supplies against the spread of diseases, are the two fundamental reasons for treating waste water effluents. This is accomplished by removing substances that have a high demand of oxygen from the system through the metabolic reactions of microorganisms, the separations  and settling of solids to create an acceptable quality of waste water effluents, and the collection, and recycling of microorganism back into the system, or removal of excess microorganism from the system (Abraham et al., 1997).