TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – iv
Table of contents – – – – – – – – v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF NEEM PLANT – 4
2.1 Bio-Pesticides use in pest control – – – – 5
2.1.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi – – – – – 5
2.1.2 Viral bio pesticides – – – – – – 7
2.1.3 Bacterial bio-pesticides – – – – – – 8
2.1.4 Plant-incorporated- protectants (PIPs) – – – 9
2.1.5 Pherompesticides – – – – – – – 10
2.1.6 Plant Extract – – – – – – – 12
2.2 Ingredients found in Neem – – – – – 13
CHAPTER THREE: MAJOR NEEM PRODUCT – – 17
3.1 Neem Product – – – – – – – 17
3.1.1 Neem oil – – – – – – – – 17
3.1.2 Neem seed cake – – – – – – – 19
3.1.3 Neem leaves – – – – – – – – 20
3.1.4 Neem Bark – – – – – – – – 22
3.1.5 Neem Roots – – – – – – – 23
3.2 Mode and Specify of Action of Neem as
Bio-Pesticide product – – – – – – 23
3.2.1 Oviposition Deterrence – – – – – – 23
3.2.2 Repellant – – – – – – – – 24
3.2.3 Anti feedant – – – – – – – – 25
3.2.4 Growth Regulation – – – – – – 25
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary – – – – – – – 27
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 28
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Pesticides are substances or mixture of substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, attract, sterilize, or mitigate pests. Biopesticides are a type of pesticide derived from natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals (Nelson and William, 2004). Although chemical pest control agents are extensively used in all countries of the world but they are regarded as ecologically unacceptable. Therefore, there is an increased social pressure to replace them gradually with biopesticides which are safe to humans and non-target organisms (Salma et al., 2011).
The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is indigenous to India, it belongs to the family maliceae. All the parts of the neem tree is medicinal (Soforowa 1982, Biswas et al., 2002, Valenzuela, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009, Hashmat et al., 2012,). It can easily grow to an average height of 15-20m but rarely to 35-40m. It is evergreen but under severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. For thousands of years the beneficial properties of neem have been recognized in the Indian tradition (Raizada, et al., 2001). It is known to co-exist with other vegetation but deleterious to insects. Both leaves and fruit of neem plant are known to have bitter taste having fungicidal, insecticidal and nematicidal properties (Schmutterer, 1995). Indians have revered the neem tree for a very long time. To millions of Indians, neem has miraculous powers. Indian farmers have kept away insects with different neem extracts. The tree is considered so invaluable that it is found in every part of the country, every roadside, every field and almost every house. India has shared its “free tree” and knowledge of its utilization with the world community. It is because of its tremendous therapeutic, domestic, agricultural and ethno medical significance, and its proximity with human culture and civilization, that it has been called ‘’the wonder tree’’ and ‘’nature’s drug store’’ (Soforowa 1986; Paul et al., 2011). The oil and purified product of every part of the tree, particularly the leaves, bark, seed are widely used for treatment of cancer, bacterial and fungi infections (Paul et al., 2011). Over 60 different types of biochemical products including, Nimbolide, Margolone, Mahoodin, Margolonone have been purified from neem (Krishnaiah et al., 2007; Olabinri et al., 2013). This review outlines the current state of knowledge on the potential use of bio pesticides in global control of pests.
