TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgements         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Contents  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION        –         –         –         –         1

CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION        –         4

2.1     Air Pollutants        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

2.2     Types of Air Pollutants    –         –         –         –         –         –         4

2.2.1  Carbondioxide       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

2.2.2  Sulfur oxides         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2.3  Nitrogen oxides     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2.4  Particulate matters –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6

2.2.5  Carbonmonoxide   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         7

2.2.6  Volatile organic compound       –         –         –         –         –         7

2.2.7  Chloroflovoro carbon      –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.3     Sources of Air pollution in village       –         –         –         –         8

2.3.1  Natural Sources     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.3.2  Anthropogenic sources    –         –         –         –         –         –         10

CHAPTER THREE: EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION

3.1     Effect of Air pollution     –         –         –         –         –         –         13

3.1.1  Health Effect         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         13

3.1.2  Agricultural Effects         –         –         –         –         –         –         21

3.1.3  Economic Effect    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         21

3.2     Remediation of Air pollution     –         –         –         –         –         22

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary/Conclusion      –         –         –         –         –         –         26

              References

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Air pollution refers to the release of harmful pollutants into the air-pollutants which are detrimental to human health and the plant as a whole. Air pollution is a familiar environmental health hazard. It is a major threat to global health and prosperity. Air pollution in all forms, is responsible for more than 6.5 million death each year globally, a number that has increase over the past two decades.

Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to human health and other living being or cause damage to the climate and its environment (WHO, 2022). There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including ammonia, carbonmonoxide, sulfurdioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies and even death to human; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may change the natural environment (for example climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain) (Manisalidis et al., 2020). Air pollution can be caused by both human activities (Howell et al., 2016).

Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer (WHO, 2014). Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition, (Allen et al., 2017). Increased risk for psychiatric disorders such as depression (Newbury et al., 2021) and detrimental perinatal health (Ghosh et al., 2021). The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body’s respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individuals reactions to air pollution depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, and the degree of exposure, and the individuals health status and genetics. Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel  alone causes 23.61 million death annually, making it one of the top contributors to human death, (WHO, 2014; Lelieveld et al., 2019) with anthropogenic ozone and PM 2.5 causing in 2.1 million (FPMM, 2013; Silva et al., 2013). Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of about 7 million people worldwide each year, or a global mean to loss of life expectancy (LLE) of 2.9 years (Leliveld et al., 2020; WHO, 2014; EAP, 2019; Fuller et al., 2022). Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst toxic pollution problems in 2008, Blacksmith Institute World’s worst polluted places report (W.P.O, 2010). The scope of the air pollution crisis is large about 90% of the world’s population breaths dirty air to some degree. Although the health consequences are extensive, the way the problem is handled is considered largely haphazard (CAMP, 2021; WHO, 2021, EEA, 2021) or neglected (Fuller et al., 2022). Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion per year (Mcceauley and Lauren, 2016; TRCOS, 2018).