ABSTRACT

Beam is a horizontal structural element that primary resist load applied laterally to its beam’s axes. It mode of deflection is bending the total effect of all the force acting on the beam is produce by shear force, bending moment, stain, stress and deflection. This design has achieved and fulfills the requirements of the client and confirm to British Standard using limit state design method of design. Beam are traditional description of building element structural such as automotive mechanical or structural system which contain beam structure that are design to carry loads in a similar fashion. Load carry by a beam are transferred to column wall or adjacent structural compression member and eventually to ground.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Tilt page –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i
Certification  –       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication  –          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgement  –       –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Abstract –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

Table of Contents  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         vi

Notation  –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Introduction  –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

1.2 Objective of Reinforced Beam Design –  –         –         –         –

1.3 Aim of the Study –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –

1.4 Significant of the Study –     –         –         –         –         –         –

1.5 scope of the Study   – –         –         –         –         –         –         –

1.6 Definition of Terms – –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background of the Study  –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         

2.2 Beam –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.3 Function of Beam –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4 Types of Beam –        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4.1  Based on support Conditions –   –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4.2 Based on Construction Materials –        –         –         –         –         –

2.4.3 Based on cross- section shapes  – –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4.4  Baesd on Equilibrium Condition  –      –         –         –         –         –

2.4.5 Based on Method of Construction –      –         –         –         –         –

2.5 Loading of Beam  –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.5.1 Types of Loading – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER THREE

Method Of DESIGN ADOPTED

3.1 The Modular Ration – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.1.1 The load Factor method –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.1.2 The limit State Method –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.2   Design Procedure –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.3 Design Information –           –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

4.1 Conclusion –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

4.2 Recommendations –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A beam is a structural element that is capable of with standing load primarily by resisting against bending.

The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads own weight, span and external reaction to these loads is called a bending moment .Beams  are characterize by their profile shape of cross section their length, and their material.

Beam an usually horizontal structure element that carry load, perpendicular to their longitudinal direction. It is a rectangular object 15 feet long and supported at both ends. When a person is working on the beam near the middle of the span, their weight is a vertical downward force acting perpendicular to the longitudinal al direction of the beam.

Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceiling and root of a building an d transfer the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure sometimes  bigger and heavier beams called transfer beams are used to support the cumulative weight of stacked walls or other beams and transfer the load the support.

Beam may be also in wood, steel or other metals, reinforced or precast  concrete, plastics, even brickwork with steel rods in the board between bricks. For weight reduction, Beam of metal are formed as an 1 or others shape having a think vertical web thicker horizontal angel  where most of the strain appears.

Beam and columns are two important types of structural element that plan a key role in creating a sate load path to transfer the weight and force on a structure to the foundation and into the ground.

Beam and columns could be built using the same shape and materials but each service a different function and is designed differently. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational force but can also be used to carry horizontal load (E.G). Load due to and earthquake or wind. The loads carried by beam, are transferred to columns walls, or girders, which them transfer the force to adjacent structural member and finally to the grounds.

Beam are characterized by support condition profile (Shapes of cross-sector) geometry equilibrium

1.2 Objective of Design

The objective of this structural design is to active a structure which fulfill   the requirement of my client and confront to British standard and at a reasonable cost their requirement include:-

• The structure must be economical and durable.
• The structure must not be deform excessively.
• The structure must not collapse under the worst system of leading .
• The structure should be able to resist fire at least for a reasonable period of escape.    

1.3 Aim of the Study

The aim of the study is to design a sate and durable beam, design for a proposed two floor eatery plan of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Using limit state design method

1.4 Significant of the Study

This work will be of benefit to engineers Builders, Scholars etc. It will also serve as a reference to student doing similar work of research.

1.5 Scope of the Study 

 Grids study is limited to design of a reinforced concrete Beam with gridlines E1-E2 of the proposed eatery at Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Beam:- is a structurally element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending

Column:- Column are vertical structural element where the load is transferred parolly to the longitudinal axis as compression, and sometime as tension.

Reinforced Concrete:- Is concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

Concrete is a construction material comprises of cement, fine aggregate and course aggregate mixed with water which with time.

Building Structure:– Are designed to have a seismic capacity that exceeds the anticipated seismic demand.