ABSTRACT

Determination of cooling rate of different engine oil samples was carried out successfully. Within the limit of experimental errors, it was discovered that sample A has the highest cooling rate of 1.2 ^oC/min followed by sample D with cooling rate of 1.17 ^oC/min followed by sample C with cooling rate of 1.14 ^oC/min followed B with the cooling rate of 1.11 ^oC/min. The present study however, verified experimentally that all the samples are good for machinery consumption, since they fall within the international standard values.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

List of Tables

List of Figures

Table of Content

1.0  CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3     Scope and Limitations of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Definition of Terms

2.0     CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATRURE

2.1     Heat and Temperature

2.2     Heat Capacity and its Unit

2.2.1  Specific Heat Capacity

2.2.2  Specific Heat Capacity

2.3     The Concept of Specific Latent Heat

2.4     Heat of Fusion and Vaporization

2.5     Effect of Heat and Vaporization

2.5.1  Calorimetry

2.5.2  Extensive Property

2.6     Intensive Property

2,7     Measurement of Specific Heat Capacity

2.8     Temperature Dependence

2.9     Newton’s Law of Cooling

2.10   Engine Oil (Motor Oil)

2.10.1 Uses of Engine Oil

2.10.2 Properties of Engine Oil

3.0     CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1     Materials

3.2     Apparatus

3.3     Method

3.4     Theory

4.0     CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1     Result

4.2     Discussion

5.0     CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND  RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendations

References

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Engine  oils are obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil. It is the denser part of the crude oil because it density is greater than other products from the fractional distillation like petroleum, gas etc. Engine oil serves a coolant in our engines and machines. It specific heat capacity do not lose it internal energy completely or easily (George et al., 2010).

When a substance is heated, its internal energy increases (potential and kinetic). The stronger the force between the particles in the substance, the more heat energy goes into potential energy (and less into kinetic), so the temperature rises is less than in substances with little force between particles. Obviously the more particles there are too, the more heat energy can be absorbed.

Heat capacity is the basic thermos-physical and thermodynamic properties of materials. The property is directly linked with temperature derivatives of basic thermodynamic functions and therefore indispensable for the calculation of differences in these functions between different temperatures (Za’bransky et al., 2002).

The specific heat capacity is a characteristic material property of a substance. It describes the amount of heat required to increase the temperature (at constant pressure and is thus an important property for the calculation of thermal processes in the chemical industry.

It is experimentally observed that when two or more substances of different chemical atomic and structural composition and heated with same amount of heat energy, for a specific period, there is a specific period, there is a significant differences in the rise in temperature in the heat samples. In addition, if the samples are allowed to cool, their rates of cooling will differ.

Therefore, different materials have different heat capacities. When the heat capacities of different samples are compared, the word specific heat capacity is used.

Nelkon et al., (1987), specific heat capacity (SHC) is defined as “the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance by one kelvin (K).

Variations in heat capacities serve as a sensitive indicator of phase transitions and are an important tool for understanding changes in the structure of liquid solutions (Santos et al., 2005).

Oil thermal conductivity and specific heat are also important parameters for engine cooling system design, and are a function of temperature. Oils with a larger thermal conductivity value will transfer heat energy more efficiently. In any mechanical device using engine oil, their internal energy enables the engine to start faster because the heat lost by the engine is stored as an internal energy in lubricating systems (Corsico et al., 1999).

Water has thermal conductivity and specific heat values approximately twice those of typical glycols. High temperature heat transfer fluids, which lead to a fairly wide and of typical thermal conductivity and specific heat values (Wrenick et al., 2005).

Engine oil are useful derivatives of crude oil or petroleum obtained through fractional derivatives petroleum obtained through fractional derivatives distillations. Denser petroleum products are the major lubricants in our engines and machines.

In motor engine, oil, the internal energy enables the engine to start faster because the heat lost by the engine is stored as internal energy in the lubrication systems (Corsico et al., 1999).

The viscosity of the motor oil is graded in terms of the SAE (Society of Automative Engineers) index number. The number depends on the viscosity of the oil. For instance, SAE 10 motor oil is less viscous than SAE 30 motor oil (API service categories). However, viscosity depends on the temperature of engine. At very low temperature, SAE 30 motor oil will be too thick as lubricant while at very high temperature, SAE 10 motor oil will be too light to be used as lubricant. This effect is due to the specific heat capacities of engine oils (Woydt, 2007).

In the early days of the integrated circuit engine, there were only non-grrade oils such as SAE 10, 20, and SAE 50. However, putting additives called viscosity index improver into these oils, generated multi-grade oils. The viscosity index improver is flexible molecule which rolls up like a ball at low temperature and stretches out like strong at light temperature (Automative Lubricant, 2006).

This allows the oils to remain viscous at high temperatures. Multi-grade oils are represented by two parts (GF-if complicances). The first part goes with “W” winter rating of the oil (Canola-based motor oils). The second part for is SAE glass at working temperature, for example, SAE 20w-50 means that the viscosities of the oil at lower temperature correspond to SAE 20W oil and the viscosity at high temperature correspond to SAE 50 oils.

1.2     Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this research project is to determine the cooling rate of different engine oil samples using the non-electrical method.

The aim of this work will be achieved using the following objectives:

1. To determine the cooling rate of engine oils.
2. To compare the result of this analysis with work of other researchers.
3. To make suggestions and recommendations for further studies based on the result obtained from the analysis.

1.3     Scope and Limitations of the Study

The design of the research project is to investigate the determination of the cooling rate of different engine oil samples using the non-electrical method, this research project is limited to the determination of the cooling rate of different engine oil samples using the non-electrical method.

1.4     Significance of the Study

Motor oil is a lubricant used in internal combustion engines, which power cars, motorcycles, lawnmowers, engine-generators, and many other machine. In engine, there are parts which move against each other and the friction between the part wastes otherwise useful power by conveying kinetic energy into heat. It can also wear away those part which could lead to lower efficiency and degradation of the engine. Proper lubrication decreases fuel consumption decreases wasted power, and increases engine longevity.

1.5     Definition of Terms

Newton’s Law of Cooling: States that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the differences in temperature between the body and its surroundings provided the temperature differences is small and the nature of radiating surface remains same.