ABSTRACT

The study of Extraction of Oil from Tiger nut using two different methods [Mechanical and Chemical Methods] was done respectively and the results revealed that Moisture: 0.394 ± 0.0021 and 0.226 ± 0.0077, Fatty acid; 0.408 ± 0.0098 and 0.311 ± 0.0005, Impurity; 0.045 ± 0.0021 and 1.7025 ±  0.0106, Saponification; 206.765 ± 4.859 and 203.745 ± 0.7707, Extraction Efficiency; 41.555 ± 0.077 and 88.85 ± 0 .353, Iodine; 91.236 ± 0.0047 and 87.00 ± 0.466, Peroxide; 8.381 ± 0.0707 and 0.7635 ± 0.012, Specific gravity: 0.908 ± 0.0035 and 0.880 ± 0.015, Flash Point; 147.845 ± 0.021 and 156.355 ± 0.077, Pour Point; 4.005 ± 0.0071 and 4.00 ±  0.00, Cloud Point; 9.050 ±  0.0707 and 7.95 ± 1.343, Refractive Index; 1.416 ± 0.028 and 1.718  ± 0.0056, Colour; Golden yellow  and Dark-brown for mechanically and chemically extracted oil respectively. The results defined the two different oils.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification-          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgements-        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Abstract-      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

Table of contents-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         vi-vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1

1.1     Background of the study- –         –         –         –         –         –         1-2

1.2     Aim and Objective of the study-          –         –         –         –         4

1.3     Scope and Limitation of the study-      –         –         –         –         3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature Review- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.1     Tiger Nut oil-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2     Extraction methods of Tiger Nut oil-   –         –         –         –         6-8

2.3     Physiochemical and Functional Characteristic of

Tiger Nut Oil-        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.3.1  Fatty acid profile of Nut Oil produced in

Different Extraction-        –         –         –         –         –         –         8-9

2.3.2  Chemical characteristics of Tiger Nut oil by

different Extraction methods-    –         –         –         –         –         10-12

2.3.3  Functional properties of tiger nut oil-  –         –         –         –         12-14

2.4     Application of Tiger Nut Oil-    –         –         –         –         –         14-15

2.5     Extraction of oil from tiger nut with supercritical

carbon dioxide-      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         15-16

2.6     Conventional methods used in extraction of oil-      –         –         16-17

2.6.1  Solvent Extraction-          –         –         –         –         –         –         17-20

2.6.2  Mechanical Expression-  –         –         –         –         –         –         20-23

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials and Method-     –         –         –         –         –         –         24

3.1     Materials and Reagents-   –         –         –         –         –         –         24

3.2     Sample Collection and Preparation-     –         –         –         –         24

3.3     Chemical method of extraction- –         –         –         –         –         25

3.4     Mechanical method of extraction-       –         –         –         –         25-26

3.5     Analysis of properties of tiger nut oil- –         –         –         –         26-31

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Result and Discussion-    –         –         –         –         –         –         32

4.1     Results-        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         32-33

4.2     Discussion-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         34-37

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Conclusion and Recommendation-      –         –         –         –         38

5.1     Conclusion- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         38

5.2     Recommendation-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         38

Reference

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) is an emergent grass-like plant that belongs to the sedge family found to be a cosmopolitan perennial crop of the same genus as the papyrus plant that is commonly grown in the tropical region (Bamishaiye and Bamishaiye, 2011). Tiger nuts have long been recognized by developed countries for their health benefits as they have a high content of soluble glucose and oleic acid, along with high energy content (starch, fats, sugars and proteins), they are rich in materials such as phosphorus and potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron necessary for bones, tissue repair, muscles, blood stream and for body growth and development, and rich in vitamin E and C (Adejuyitan, 2011). In Nigeria, tiger nut is available in fresh, semi-dried and dried form in the markets and are consumed by a lot of people without knowing the nutritional benefits and products that can be obtained from the tuber such a tiger nut flour, bread, cream, oil and milk among many others (Bamishaiye and Bamishaiye, 2011). Tiger nut flour has a special sweet taste, which is suitable for various uses. It is an alternative to many other flours produced, from other Agricultural products because it is a gluten free diet (Belewu and Abodunrim, 2006). Mohammed et al., 2011 also stated that tiger nut milk called kunnu-aya by northern Nigerians is a healthy drink with nourishing and energetic power. Tiger nut oil has a golden color and a nutty aroma, which makes it ideal for different uses in cosmetic and domestic applications. It is used in deep frying because of it exceptional resistant to chemical decomposition at high temperature and its low absorption than other frying oils (El-Naggar, 2016). The edible and stable oil nature of tiger nut oil has made it a competitor with olive, corn, soybean, olive and cotton seed oil and can thus serve as a substitute for these oils especially in times of scarcity (Warra, 2013). The tiger nut oil remains in a uniform liquid form at refrigeration temperature which makes it suitable for salad preparation. Ezebor et al., (2005) stated that tiger nut oil has a high oleic acid, low polyunsaturated fatty acid and low acidity that have made it suitable for body cream. According to Shaker et al., 2009, tiger nut is regarded as high quality oil due to its extraction without external heat, its resistant to chemical decomposition fibres. The objective of this paper is to characterize the physiochemical properties of tiger nut oil extracted mechanically and chemically.

1.2     Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim and objectives of this research project is to extract tiger nut oil using different methods and furthermore, characterize the oil quality. This was achieved through the following objectives;

*To obtain tiger nut from tiger nut vendor in Ikot Ekpene.

*To extract the oil of the tiger nut mechanically and by chemical method (solvent extraction).

*Classification of the oil to determine its quality (moisture, saponification, fatty acid etc.)

1.3     Scope and Limitation of the Study

The design of the research project is limited to only few methods used in the process of oil extraction. This is due to the lack of fun, time and absence of more sophisticated equipment.

Definition of Terms

Extraction:  Extraction simply refers to the process of obtaining components from a substance.

Mechanical: This refers to the use of force or effort in any system.

Solvent: Solvent is the liquid that is use in the process of the extraction.