TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgment            –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Content– –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v-vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0     Introduction-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1-3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Beans-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4-5

2.2     History of Beans-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5-6

2.3     Cultivation of Beans-       –         –         –         –         –         –         6-7

2.4     Common Genera and species-    –         –         –         –         –         7-8

2.5     Nutritional Value of Beans-       –         –         –         –         –         8-10

CHAPTER THREE 

3.1     Beans Weevil-       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         11-12

3.2     Description of Beans Weevil-    –         –         –         –         –         12-13

3.3     Life Cycle-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         13

3.4     Damage due to Beans Weevil-   –         –         –         –         –         13-16

3.5     Method of Beans Weevil control-        –         –         –         –         16-18

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Summary and Conclusion-        –         –         –         –         –         19

4.1     Summary-    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19

4.2     Conclusion- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19

References

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a warm season annual legume which consist of several types and classes (Acosta-Galeggos et al., 1998) while dry beans are produced for consumption as a grain, green beans are bred and produced for the consumption of the green pods common beans is produced mainly in developing countries where it represents a major source of dietary protein, especially in the absence of animal or fish protein source(Blair et al.,2009) in sub- Saharan Africa, beans are produced mainly by resource poor subsistence farmers (Alvares et al., 2005) under these low inputs condition, beans are more vulnerable to attack by insect and disease, which  they are also influenced by environmental stress conditions, such as drought and low soil fertility. Stored beans seed in vulnerable to attack by beans bruchid, forcing this farmer to sell the crops early in the season when price are low.

Stored beans seed is commonly attacked by beans bruchids, leading to considerable losses in quality and quantity of the product (Cardona et al.,1990). Acanthoscelides obectus, commonly known as the common beans wevill and Zabrotes subfasciatus, commonly known as the Mexican bean weevil are the most important insect pest of stored beans seed. A. obtectus is commonly found at higher altitude, whereas Z. subfasciatus I remains a serious threat in warmer climate.

On a commercial level beans bruchids are effectively controlled by means of chemical disinfection and/ or protection. On a small scale level there are a variety of measure employed in the on farm disinfection and protection of stored bean seed. On-farm chemical control does often not have the desired effect due to lack of information and low levels of literacy among subsistence farmers. Traditional on-farm control measure such as the addition of ash, vegetable oil and dust or physical measures such as bean tumbling or heat treatment, can be effective, although labor intensive and only effective for small quantities of seed (Delaney,1991).

Host plant resistance would be a better form of control, if it does not have negative effect on human nutrition. High level of resistance were found against both bruchids species when  tested 210 wild bean accession from the CIAT germplasm bank (Gepts,2001) a novel, previously unreported protein in common bean was found in the accessioin P1 325690 (Schmale et al.,2002). When crude protein from these accession were subjected to SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), unique protein band were detected in several of the accessions.