TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Declaration  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Certification –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Dedication   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Acknowledgments –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Table of Contents   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION                   –         –         –         –         –

1.1     Background of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –

1.2     Pollution      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

1.3     Environmental Pollution  –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     TYPES AND CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

2.1     Air Pollution          –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2     Water Pollution      –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.3     Soil Pollution         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4     Noise Pollution      –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.5     Effects of Environmental Pollution      –         –         –         –

2.5.1  Natural Causes       –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.5.2  Human Generation (Anthropogenic Activities)        –         –

2.6     Source of Exposure         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON HUMAN HALTH

3.1     Respiratory Disorder –         –         –         –         –         –

3.2     Cardiovascular Dysfunction      –         –         –         –         –

3.3     Effect on Agriculture       –         –         –         –         –         –

3.4     Socio-Economic Impacts –         –         –         –         –         –

3.5     Regulation and Monitoring of Environmental Pollution    –

3.6     Control of Environmental Pollution     –         –         –         –

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

4.2     Conclusion  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

The interactions between humans and their physical surroundings have been extensively studied, as multiple human activities influence the environment. The environment is a coupling of the biotic (living organisms and microorganisms) and the abiotic (hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere).

Pollution is defined as the introduction into the environment of substances harmful to humans and other living organisms. Pollutants are harmful solids, liquids, or gases produced in higher than usual concentrations that reduce the quality of our environment.

Human activities have an adverse effect on the environment by polluting the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the soil in which plants grow. Although the industrial revolution was a great success in terms of technology, society, and the provision of multiple services, it also introduced the production of huge quantities of pollutants emitted into the air that are harmful to human health. Without any doubt, the global environmental pollution is considered an international public health issue with multiple facets. Social, economic, and legislative concerns and lifestyle habits are related to this major problem. Clearly, urbanization and industrialization are reaching unprecedented and upsetting proportions worldwide in our era. Anthropogenic air pollution is one of the biggest public health hazards worldwide, given that it accounts for about 9 million deaths per year (WHO, 2019).

Without a doubt, all of the aforementioned are closely associated with climate change, and in the event of danger, the consequences can be severe for mankind (Moores, 2009). Climate changes and the effects of global planetary warming seriously affect multiple ecosystems, causing problems such as food safety issues, ice and iceberg melting, animal extinction, and damage to plants.

Environmental pollution has various health effects. The health of susceptible and sensitive individuals can be impacted even on low air pollution days. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is closely related to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, asthma, respiratory disease, and high rates of hospitalization (a measurement of morbidity).

The long-term effects associated with air pollution are chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular mortality. According to a Swedish cohort study, diabetes seems to be induced after long-term air pollution exposure (Eze et al., 2014). Moreover, air pollution seems to have various malign health effects in early human life, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal disorders, leading to infant mortality or chronic disease in adult age (Kelishadi and Poursafa, 2010).

1.2     Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change (Beil, 2017). Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source created by human activities, such as manufacturing, extractive industries, poor waste management, transportation or agriculture. Pollution is often classed as point source (coming from a highly concentrated specific site, such as a factory or mine) or nonpoint source pollution (coming from a widespread distributed sources, such as microplastics or agricultural runoff).

Many sources of pollution were unregulated parts of industrialization during the 19th and 20th centuries until the emergence of environmental regulation and pollution policy in the later half of the 20th century. Sites where historically polluting industries released persistent pollutants may have legacy pollution long after the source of the pollution is stopped. Major forms of pollution include air pollution, light pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive   contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution.

Pollution has widespread consequence on human and environmental health, having systematic impact on social and economic systems. In 2015, pollution killed nine million people worldwide (one in six deaths) (Carrington, 2017). Air pollution accounted for ³⁄₄ of these earlier deaths. A 2022 literature survey found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded planetary boundaries and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world (Carrington, 2022). Pollutants frequently have outsized impacts on vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, and marginalized communities, because polluting industries and toxic waste sites tend to be collocated with populations with less economic and political power (Environmental UN, 2020). This outsized impact is a core reason for the formation of the environmental justice movement, and continues to be a core element of environmental conflicts, particularly in the Global South (Schlosberg, 2002).

Because of the impacts of these chemicals, local, country and international policy have increasingly sought to regulate pollutants, resulting in increasing air and water quality standards, alongside regulation of specific waste streams. Regional and national policy is typically supervised by environmental agencies or ministries, while international efforts are coordinated by the UN Environmental Program and other treaty bodies. Pollution mitigation is an important part of all of the Sustainable Development Goals.

1.3     Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is one of the biggest threats of life as we know it. Pollution affects the air we breath, the water we drink and the ecosystem we depend on.

If pollution severity continues to increase, human, animals and plant populations will break down as they will not be able to cope with a drastically changing environment (Dherani, 2008). There are factors that affect eh rates of dispersal and degradation of pollutants. We need to understand the effects of these factors so we know the location in which pollution will cause the most damage (Kassomenos et al., 2012).

Environmental pollution is any addition of erroneous substances or energies to the environment, These causes changes to the composition of the environment. These variables can be air, water, soil, noise, and light and changes to their natural values can have profound consequences for ecosystem and human life (Dockery et al., 2007).