TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

Certification –        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

Dedication – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

Acknowledgements –       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

Table of content –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Metabolism of Ketone Bodies – –         –         –         –         –         –          –

2.1.1  Ketogenesis –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

2.1.2  Ketolysis –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

2.3     Regulation of Ketogenesis –       –         –         –         –         –         –          –

2.3.1  Extrahepatic Regulation of Ketogenesis –      –         –         –         –          –

2.3.2  Intrahepatic Regulation of Ketogenesis –       –         –         –         –          –

2.4     Physiological Concentration of Keton Body –          –         –         –          –

2.5     Pathophysiological Ketosis –     –         –         –         –         –         –          –

2.6     Diabetic Ketoacidosis –    –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

CHAPTER THREE: THE ROLE OF KETONE BODIES IN METABOLISM

3.1     The Role of Ketone Bodies in Metabolism –  –         –         –         –          –

3.1.1  Ketone Bodies and Gene Expression – –         –         –         –         –          –

3.1.2  Ketone Bodies and Cell signaling –     –         –         –         –         –          –

3.1.3  Ketone Bodies Regulating Neuronal Firing Rates – –         –         –          –

3.1.4  Ketone Bodies as Anti-seizure Agent –          –         –         –         –          –

3.1.5  Ketone Bodies and Reduction of Tumor Cells Proliferation –      –          –

3.2     Side Effects of Ketone bodies – –         –         –         –         –         –          –

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

4.2     Conclusion – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –          –

References

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Acetone, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate are well known ketone bodies which were generated during the absence of glucose or when the body cannot utilize it as energy in type 1 diabetes. Indeed, ketone bodies system should not be considered as a simple energy molecule required during synthesis of membrane in physiological development (Puchalkaet al., 2017). They are formed by the breakdown of fatty acid during a low glucose intake or under a ketogenic diet (Mepherson, 2016). In fact, ketone bodies system are produced during a ketogenic diet or due to glucose starvation, which can influence many metabolism and regulatory enzyme and subsequently substrates result in a neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, hyper excitability as well as synchrony in neurons (Simeone, 2018). A ketogenic diet includes low carbohydrates-protein and high fat meals consumption leading towards a starved state. Ketone bodies system are considered the more efficient alterative energy source in the brain and mitochondrial metabolism. It has been proved that the motor functions could be proven by ketogenic diet or medium length chain glyceride diet affected diseases, i.e Alzheimer’s disease, motor dysfunction, epilepsy, Parkinson disease, metabolic syndromes, glycogen storage disease, spinal cord injury and Autism in the rat models (Veyriatet al.,2018). In this line, extrahepatic tissues are also able to oxidize ketone bodies system, contributing to efficient energy metabolism (Ercalet al., 2017). Recent studies on the regulation of extracted ketone bodies system from hepatocytes or perfused liver and rat models in fed to starve state, that when the ketone bodies system concentration exceeds from normal levels, for e.g diabetes. Type 1, lead to a pathologic state known as ketoacidosis.