PREPARATION OF SOAP USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – iv
Table of Content – – – – – – – v-vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 1-6
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 History of Soap – – – – – – – 7-8
2.2 Soap Production Methods – – – – – 8
2.2.1 Semi-Boiling Method (Semi-Hot Process) – – – 8
2.2.2 Full Boiling (Hot Process) – – – – – 10
2.2.3 Cold Process – – – – – – – 12
2.3 Soap Production Materials – – – – – 14
2.4 Qualities of Soap – – – – – – – 15
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cold and Hot Process – 19
2.6 Types of Soap – – – – – – – 19
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Local Raw Material use in Soap Production – – – 21
3.1 Animal – – – – – – – – 21
3.2 Shea Nut Fat – – – – – – – 21
3.3 Jatropha Seed Oil – – – – – – 22
3.4 Castor Seed Oil – – – – – – – 23
3.5 Neem Seed Oil – – – – – – – 24
3.6 Sesame Seed Oil – – – – – – 24
3.7 Steps in Soap Production Technology – – – 25
3.8 Ways of Improving Soap Quality – – – – 30
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary/Conclusion – – – – – – 33
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Soap is common cleansing agent well known to everyone. Many authors defined indifferent ways. Warra (2013) regarded it as any cleaning agent, manufactured in granules, bars, flakes, or liquid form obtained from by reacting salt of sodium or potassium of various fatty acids that are of natural origin (salt of non-volatile fatty acids). Soap can also be said to be any water-soluble salt of fatty acids containing eight or more carbon atoms. Soaps are produced for various purpose ranging from washings, bathing, medication ETC. The cleansing action of the soap is due to the hydro-carbon chain to and grease. While carbon group to water is the main reason soap is being used mostly with water for cleaning purposes (Adaku and Melody, 2013).
In addition to basic raw materials, other substances are added to the composition in order to improve its application. For examples soap made for medicinal purposes other medical importance ingredient are added to it to produce medicated soap (Antezana et al., 2015). In addition to potassium and sodium salt, other metals such as Calcium, Magnesium and Chromium are also used to produce metallic insoluble soap that are not used as cleaning agents, but are used for other purposes (Antezana et al., 2015). Other properties of the soap such as hardness are function of the metallic element present in the salt. For example soap made up of sodium salts shows little hardness compare to potassium salts soaps, provided the same fat or it is used in both side (Phanseil et al., 1998). These are characteristically different from soaps made from divalent metals such as Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum or Iron which are not water soluble, soaps are used for laundry and cleaning purposes, though the used of calcium soap in the formulation of animal feed have been reported Kuntom et al., (1994).
It is generally known that soap is produced by the saponification of a triglyceride (fat or oil). In the process the triglyceride is reacted with a strong alkali such as: Potassium or Sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts. The salt of the fatty acid is called soap. The equations below represent typical saponification reactions
Where R represents the hydrocarbon chain or alkyl group. Fatty Acids are straight-chain monocarboxylic acids. The commonest fatty acid used in soap making contains a range of C10 – C20 and most often have an even number of carbon atom including the carboxyl group carbon. Examples of such saturated fatty acid is Palmitic acid (CH3 – (CH2)14 – CO2H), while unsaturated fatty acid is palmitic acid (CH3 – CH2)14 – CO2H), while unsaturated fatty acid is oleic acids, (17 H33 COOH). The consistent component of fatty acids is oleic acids, C17H33COOH. The constituent component of fatty acids, are chiefly oleic (C17H33COOH), stearic (C17H33COOH), palmitic (C13H31COOH), lauric (C11 H23COOH) and myristic (C13H27COOH) acids; Hydrocarbon oils or paraffin are not suitable for soap making, as far as chemical combination with the caustic alkali is concerned. The oils and fats which form soap are those which are a combination of fatty acids and alkali-while glycerin is obtain as a by-product to the soap making industry Wara (2013). Shea butter is a white or milky colored fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa). Shea butter is a triglyceride (fat) that is derived from mainly stearic acid oleic fat that contains the following fatty acids. Oleic acid (40 – 60%), stearic acid (20 – 30%), linoleic acid (3 – 11%), palmitic acid (2 – 9%), linolenic acid (< 1%) and arachidic acid (< 1%) Akilisa et al. (2010)
Chemical analysis of shea butter extracted from nuts sample in Nigeria shows that the extract from nuts sample in Nigeria shows that the extract contain 47% oleic acid Ferris et al., (2001) palm kernel oil is majorly lauric acid containing saturated fatty acids of C6 – C18 chain. It has a sharp melting point when heated. Higher quality soap is produced using 10 – 15% lauric Berger et al (1985).
Alkalis ae water soluble base, usually hydroxide or oxide of potassium or sodium. Alkali can be produced locally from ashes as “potash” by extraction with water. It is generally believed that the highest soluble metal is potassium A, though this depends on the species of the plant grows Onyegbado et al., (2002)
The plantain is a crop from the genus Musa; scientifically name Musa paradisiaca is a very starchy. It is a fast growing plant 3 – 5m high with herbaceous stem. The fruits grow in bunches of up to zoo fingers each, edible and are process differently for consumption. It is different from the soft and sweet banana (which is often called desert banana). Plantains are often firmer than desert bananas; they also have less sugar. Desert banana are often eaten raw; plantains are usually processed before they are eaten. Plantains are among the staple food in tropical regions, treated similarly to potatoes. They also have a similar taste Nelson et al., (2006). The plantain fruits are minerals such as Calcium, Phosphorus and Potassium as well as vitamins A and C.
Several studies have been carried out on the potash content of some plant trunk, Nakrah (1974), unripe plantain peel Onyegbado et al., (2002), ripe plantain peel, groundnut shell and Sorghum Chaff Taiwo et al., (2001).
The used of ashes obtained from agricultural Materials as source of industrial alkali have been reported (Olabanji et al., 2012). Research has shown that plantain peel ash has been used to produce soap of good quality. Fresh plantain trunk, unripe plantain peel, ripe plantain peel, groundnut shell and Sorghum Chaff. The used of ashes obtained from agricultural materials as source of industrial alkali have reported. Research has shown that plantain peel ash has been used to produce soap of good quality.
