TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication             –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgement           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of contents – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1-3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Male Reproductive system –      –         –         –         –         –         4

2.1.1  The Scratum          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4-6

2.1.2  The testis –   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6-8

2.1.3  The Epididymis     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.1.4  The spermatic cord –        –         –         –         –         –         –         9-10

2.1.5  Ductus Deferens and Ampulla – –         –         –         –         –         10

2.1.6  Seminal vesides (vesicular glands) –    –         –         –         –         11

2.1.7  The prostate Gland –        –         –         –         –         –         –         11-12

2.1.8  Bulbo-Urethra Glands –   –         –         –         –         –         –         12

2.1.9  The urethra –          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         12-15

2.1.10 The penis –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         15-17

2.1.11 The prepuce and sheath – –         –         –         –         –         –         17

2.2     Risk factors of male infertility – –         –         –         –         –         18

2.2.1  Age —          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         18-19

2.2.2 Smoking –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19-20

2.2.3  Scrotal temperature and stress – –         –         –         –         –         20-21

2.2.4  Occupational Exposure – –         –         –         –         –         –         21-23

2.2.5 Exercise –      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         23-24

2.3     Causes of male infertility –        –         –         –         –         –         24

2.3.1  Varicocele – –         –         –         – –      –         –         –         –         24-25

2.3.2  Endocrinal disorders –     –         –         –         –         –         –         25-26

2.3.3  Male Reproductive tract infective –     –         –         –         –         26-28

2.3.4  Immunological factor  –   –         –         –         –         –         –         28

2.3.5  Genetic and chromosomal defects –     –         –         –         –         29

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     The Role of Male Reproductive System in fertility –         –         30

3.1     The Role of Male Reproductive organs –       –         –         –         30

3.1.1  The External Genital Organs –   –         –         –         –         –         30

3.1.2  Internal Genetal Organs – –         –         –         –         –         –         31-32

3.2     The Role of Male Reproductive Hormones – –         –         –         32-34

3.2.1  Gonadotropin in Reputation of Semen Quality –      –         –         34-35

3.2.2  Testosterone and Semen Quality –       –         –         –         –         35-36

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary  –  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         37

4.2     Conclusion – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         38

References

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Semen quality and male reproductive functions are coordinated by actions of accurate hormonal crosstalks (Sengupta et al., 2019). The deadline trend of serum quality over the last fall decades is a major global concern and it is crucial to explore its underlying mechanisms. (Sengupta, 2014). Impairment in endocrine regulations of male reproductive functions perhaps are the key players in altering semen quality. The hypothalamopituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis holds the prime control over the process of spernatogenecies. The hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary gonadotropins secretion by the pulsative release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Hold craft and Braun, 2001).

Uninterrupted proper spermatogenesis is maintained through steady high testosterone. Testosterone production is mediated by the leyclig cells on stimulation of the gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone (LH). Testosterone is the prine circulating androgen. It may be converted 5 x-dihydrotestosterone, and 44% of its circulated form remains bound to sex-hormone-binding globin (De Ronde et al., 2005).

Membrane and diffuses into the sertoli cells to bind with androgen-binding-protein (ABP), (Plano and Marshall, 2001). Sertoli cells also posses receptors for follicle-stimulation hormones (FSH) that probably is required for the initiation of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells also produce glycoprotein hormones such as inhibins activins and follistatins that mediate feedback regulations of the principal hormones. Apart from the classical hormones, there are several metabolic hormones, growth factors as well as paracrine factors that influences spermatogenesis either in their direct effect upon the testicular cells or by affecting the hormonal crosstalks (Sengupta and Dutta, 2018). Hormal regulations are vital from the time of development and differentiation of the male genital organs, testicular descent, growth  of the accessory glands and initiation of spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis, the process to produce spermatozoa, occurs within the seminiferous tubule of testic under strict endocrine regulations. It commences at the pubutal phase of man’s life, as the semi niferrous tubules remains quiescent in the childhood phase. The onset of spermatogenesis is unduced by the elevated levels of gonadotropins slightly declining in old age. It takes about 65-70 days to produce mature spermatozoa from the very first day of spermatozonia (Oshaughnessy, 2014). The intricate hormonal regulations of spermatogenesis are crucial for robust production of functional sperms and thereby are the major determinants of semen quality.