TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgements         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Contents  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION       

1.1     Background of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         1

CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPT OF HEAT ENERGY

2.1     Heat Energy Transfer      –         –         –         –         –         –         3

2.1.1  Convection  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

2.1.2  Conduction  –         –         —       –         –         –         –         –         5

2.1.3  Radiation     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         7

2.2     Effects of Heat Energy    –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.1.2  Change in dimension       –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.2.2  Change in temperature     –         –         –         –         –         –         9

2.2.3  Change in State      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         10

2.2.4  Change in Pressure          –         –         –         –         –         –         11

2.2.5  Change in Physical State  –         –         –         –         –         –         11

2.2.6  Thermionic emission       –         –         –         –         –         –         12

2.2.7  Change in chemical properties   –         –         –         –         –         12

2.3     Measurement of temperature     –         –         –         –         –         13

2.4     Thermal expansion          –         –         –         –         –         –         13

CHAPTER THREE: APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL ENERGY

3.1     Application of thermal energy   –         –         –         –         –         15

3.1.1  Domestic Uses       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         15

3.1.2  Manufacturing       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         15

3.1.3  Welding       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         16

3.1.4  Biological function          –         –         –         –         –         –         17

3.1.5  Thermosetting        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         18

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

4.1     Summary     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19

4.2     Conclusion  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19

References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Heat is a form of energy that always travel from a hotter substance to a colder substance (Lienhard, 2019). The hot or cold state of the substance is what is referred to as temperature.

Thermal energy is therefore explained as an energy that is possessed by an object or a system due to the movement of particles within the object or system. These particles are in constant motion as explained by the kinetic molecular theory (Faghiri et al., 2010).

The heat energy contained in a body are transferred from one point to another by convection, conduction and radiation. If the molecules or particles are transferred when the bodies are in contact, it is termed conduction. The one that takes place in fluids is termed convection, while the one that involves the transfer of radiant energy is termed radiation.

Heat as a form of energy is use in our everyday life. its applications are wide as it is use in manufacturing industries, domestic purposes, welding and fabrication and also in metabolic function.

A material in which heat is applied shows series of changes, such as no colour, size and physical properties. According to kinetic molecular theory, when heat is applied to a material, the temperature forces are being broken due to the kinetic energy. Thus, the material, on application of heat will change by size (thermal expansion), physical properties, such as changes in colour, change in state (from liquid to gas), etc.

Heat as a form of energy, its effects, applications, transformation, makes up thermodynamics which is a very important aspect of physical sciences (Tio Nivaldo, 2008).

This research Seminar seeks to review the effects and usefulness of heat energy in the modern world (Lienhard et al., 2019).