TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Certification          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Acknowledgement           –         –         –         –         –         –         –

Table of contents   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Typhoid fever –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.1 Signs and symptoms  –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.2 Causes of typhoid      –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.3 Transmission   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

2.4  Antimicrobial susceptibility test of typhoid fever organisms –

2.5 Storage of Typhoid fever organism          —       –         –         –

2.6 Diagnosis of typhoid fever   –         –         –         –         –         –

2.7 Resistance of typhoid fever causing organism   –         –         –

CHAPTER THREE      

3.0 Epidemiology –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.2 Infectious agent         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.3 Quality control           –         –         –         –         –         –         –

3.4 Treatment and management of typhoid fever     –         –         –

3.5 Prevention and control of typhoid fever   –         –         –         –

CHAPTER FOUR        

4.0 Summary and conclusion

4.1 summary          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

4.2 Conclusion       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Communicable diseases like typhoid fever occur as a result of the interaction of the infectious agent the transmission process and the host. The prevention of such disease may involve changing one or more of these components, all of which are influenced by the environment. This disease can have a wide range effects, varying from in apparent infection to severe illness and death. A large number of microorganisms cause disease in humans. Infection is the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the host. The end result of infection is determined by a large number of factors involving all stages in the chain of infection, i.e pathogenicity virulence and infective dose. The environment plays a critical role in the development of infectious diseases. General sanitation, temperature, air pollution and water quality are among the factors that influence, all stages in the chain of infection. In addition socio-economic factors all stages in the chain of infection. In addition socio-economic factors such as population density, overcrowding and poverty are of a great importance.

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious fever caused by salmonella typhi and characterized clinically in typical cases by long continued pyrexia, headache, relative bradycardia, moderate enlargement of the spleen, abdominal tenderness, discomfort and rose colour eruption. However, typhoid fever often present a typical picture which hinder its diagnosis and thus makes it more difficult to treat.

Salmonella typhi enters to the human body via the gastro intestinal tract through the mouth. The bacilo invade and multiply in the lymphatic tissue of the small intestine and in the neighbouring lymphatic nodes. They enter to the blood stream via the lymphatic vessels. They tend to localize in the spleen and in the bone marrow. Gall bladder is always infected during illness, the bacilli are discharge, from the body, to the stool and urine. The incubation period varies with an average of two weeks and the usual range is 1 to 3 weeks although many cases have been reported well outside this range. There is some evidence that when the disease is water born the incubation period is longer; probably due to the small probably number of organisms likely to be present shorter period of four to five days only is also not uncommon. The onset of typhoid is normally insidious, with make use as a vague aches and pains, anorexia but typical presenting symptoms chills is another indefinite but characteristics symptoms, but rigors is not common. The patients usually have headache nagging and persistent rather than severe, but sometimes intense enough to suggest meningitis. A high incidence is generally encounter in developing countries, and is usually related to standard of living and personal and environment hygiene which is usually low. In developed countries, especially in cities with modern living norms, typhoid fever is nearly non-existent. This is usually considered due to adequate sources of safe drinking water waste disposal, pasteurized milk and improve methods of detection and control of spread.