TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

CERTIFICATION           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

DEDICATION      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS          –         –         –         –         –         –         v

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION           –         –         –         –         –         1-3

1.1     Water Quality        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         3-4

1.1.1  Colour         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

1.1.2  pH Determination            –         –         –         –         –         –         4-5

1.1.3  Conductivity          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5-6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER –         –         –         –         7-8

2.1     Properties of Water          –         –         –         –         –         –         8-10

2.2     Forms of Water      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         10-11

2.3     Effects of Water Pollution         –         –         –         –         –         11-12

2.4     Uses of Water        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         12-13

2.5     Prevention and Control of Water Pollution              –         –         13-14

CHAPTER THREE      

3.0 WATER POLLUTION –         –         –         –         –         15-16

3.1     Causes of Water Pollution         –         –         –         –         –         16-17

3.2     Transport and Chemical Reactions of water Pollution       –         17-18

3.3     Impact of Water Pollution         –         –         –         –         –         19-20

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         21-22

4.2     Conclusion  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         22

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Water pollution is a problem in all the major rivers and dams in India. Water is known to contain a large numbers of chemicals elements (Mehdham et al., 2000). The interaction of chemical elements (Mendham et al., 2000). The interaction of both the physical and chemical properties of water play a significant role in composition distribution and abundance of aquatic organism (Boye, 2000). In the wake up increasing urbanization and industrialization, the pollution potential of Ujjani Dam giving momentum day by day. Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of a large amount of materials to the water. The source of water pollution are categorized as being a point source or non-point source of pollution. Point source of pollution occur when the polluting substance is emitted directly into the waterway. A pipe toxic chemical directly into a river is an  example. Non point source occurs when there is runoff of pollutant into a waterway, for instance when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by surface runoff (FNB, 2017). Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading world wide cause of deaths that and disease , and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14000 people  daily. An estimated 5580 people die of the water pollution related illness everyday. About 90 percent of the water in the cities China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water  (Kahn et al., 2007). In addition to the acute problem of water pollution in developing countries. Developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 44 percent of assessed stream miles , 64 percent of assessed lake acres and 30 percent of assed bays and estuarine square miles were classified polluted.

Definition of Terms

(i) Pollution: it is the introduction of  contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change . The pollution can take the forms of chemicals substance or energy, such as noise heat or light.

(i) Contamination: it is the act of contaminating or of making something impure or unsuitable by contact with something unclean and bad.

(iii) Eutrophication: this is the excessive richness of nutrient in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which cause a dense growth of plant (Lenore et al., 2005).

1.1     Water Quality

Water quality is determined by assessing three classes of attributes, biological, chemical and physical. There are standards of water quality set for each of these three classes of attributes. The national standard for drinking water are developed by the federal government Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). All municipal (public) water supplied must be measured against these standards. Some attributes are considered of primary importance of the quality of drinking water, while others are of secondary importance. Therefore, the EPA drinking water standards are categorized as primary drinking water and secondary drinking water standards.

1.1.1  Colour

Colour contamination  of water is cause by metals, dye pollution, soil particles, and by the occurrence of water bloom caused by eutrophication. Colour contamination of water body is  a problem because of the harm it inflict on the seanery and when is use for drinking water or other domestic uses and its distress users. Colour population is also caused by metals such as aluminum, copper, iron, manganese when algae dies, they sink to the bottom that are decompose by bacteria, dissolved oxygen of then bottom that layer decrease leaching out of the iron or sediment occurrence (Rossing, et al., 2000).

1.1.2  pH Determination

pH is a determined value based on a defined scale similar to temperature. This means that pH of a water is not a physical parameters that can be measure as concentration or in  quantity. Instead it is figured between 0 and 14. Defining how acidic or basic of a body of water is along a logarithmic scale (Norby, 2000). The lower the number the more acidic the water is, the higher the number the more the basic water is. A pH of 7 of considered neutral in the logarithmic scale meaning that each number below 7 is 10 times more acidic that the previous number when counting down. Likewise when counting up above 7. Each numbers is 10 times more basic than the previous number (WHO, 2004).

1.1.3  Conductivity

Conductivity is the measure of water capability to pass electrical flow. This ability is directly related to the concentration of ions in the water. These conductive ion come from dissolved salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis, chloride, sulfides and carbonate compounds. Compound that dissolve into ions are also known as electrolysis. The more ions that are present the higher the conductivity of water. Likewise, the fewer ion that are in the water, the less conductive it is. Distilled or de-ionize water can act as an insulator due to it very low (if not negligible) conductivity value. Sea water, on the other hand, has a very has a very high conductivity. Ions conduct electricity due to their positive and negative charges. When electrolytes dissolve in water. They split into positively charged (cation) and negatively charged (anion) particles. As the dissolved substances split in water, the concentration of each positive and negative charge remain equal. This means that even though the conductivity of water increases with added ions it remains electrically neutral (Thornton et al., 1994).