ABSTRACT
This research project work focus NTA, Uyo Hip-Hip music programme and students social behaviour in Akwapoly, the aim and objectives among other were to find out influence of Hip-Hop music on students’ social behaviour and the factors of the hip-hop music programme that appeals to the students. This study was anchored on cultivation theory. The survey method was found appropriate for the study and the questionnaires was the instrument for the study. The population of this study was estimated at 12,500. The sample for this study was made of 250 respondents of students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic who were able to respond to questionnaire forms which was analyzed though the use of frequency tables and simple percentages. Findings revealed that the factors of the NTA hip-hop music programme that appeals to the students are beat, image display and the musician. The influence of the hip-hop music programme on the social behaviour of the students is that it stimulate conversation about social justice, polities and personal responsibility among students. The researcher thus recommended that Hip-hop artistes should serve as positive role models for youths most especially the female gender in dressing, creativity, artistic expression and production of music that is educative in any dimension, which will positively contribute to societal development.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGES
Title page – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – iv
Table of contents – – – – v
List of Tables – – – – – ix
Abstract – – – – – x
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the studies – – –
1.2 Statement of the Problem – – –
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – –
1.4 Research Questions – – – –
1.5 Significance of the study – – – –
1.6 Scope of the Study – – – –
1.7 Limitation of the Study – – –
1.8 Definition of Terms – – – –
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Concept of Music
2.2 Concept of Behavior
2.3 Hip-Hop Music
2.4 Television as a Medium of Communication
2.5 Media as Agents of Socialization
2.6 Hip Hop and its development in Nigeria
2.7 Music Programme and Behavioural Changes
2.8 Primary Mediums of Streaming Hip-Hop Music
2.9 Positive Effect of Television Programme
2.10 Negative Effect of Television
2.11 Theoretical Framework
2.12 Empirical Review
RESEARCH METHODOLODY
3.1 Research Design – – – – –
3.2 Population of the Study – – – –
3.3 Sample and Sampling technique – –
3.4 Instrument of Data Collection – – –
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Instrument –
3.6 Method of Data Analysis and Presentation –
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis – –
4.2 Discussion of Findings – – – –
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary – – – – – –
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – –
5.3 Recommendation – – – – –
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The mass media, most especially television have gradually become a part of our daily lives, and sources of information, education and entertainment have been described as the primary functions of the media. Lasswell (1948) as cited in Folarin (2005, p.74) assigns three functions to the media: Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). Correlation of the different parts of the Environment (the editorial function). Transmission of the cultural heritage from one generation to the other (the cultural transmission function).
Hip-Hop is a stylized and highly rhythmic musical genre that sometimes accompanies rapping in rhyming speech that is often chanted; it is generally accepted by contemporary society and highly patronized in social orbits. Okafor (1994, p. 98), explains that it is music of old and new which appeals to the mass audience, which does not require guided listening as a result of the familiarity with the idioms of the people and their being quite receptive to it. Hip-hop music has evolved into a culture of its own in society, and has captivated the minds of contemporary Nigerian youths. This is partly because youths are the ones mostly used as props for the illusive lifestyle portrayed in several Hip-Hop music videos.
The hip-hop culture, as seen in music videos has become influential on youths with sometimes strong promotion of sexuality through the lyrics. Thus, there appears to be a gross modification of some values among students in tertiary institutions on the lifestyle they exhibit which deviates from acceptable communal values and generally accepted customary norms as a result of the influences from this genre of music and its videos. These deviations from the accepted societal norms and behavior are noticeable in the mode of dressing, psychological and mental instability of most students, because of the vulgar, loud, violent and aggressive lyrics that glorify nudity, sex and violence.
There is no doubt that the impact of the media on young people’s lives is broadly considered within what is referred to as “media effects” debate which to a great extent focuses on the potentially negative impact of the media on young people’s lives: video violence, gambling, educational performance, mass consumerism, etc (Miles, 2000). Steele & Brown (1995) identifies three main reasons why media influence should be given a closer look: Young people spend more time with the mass media than they do in school or with their parents. The media are full of portrayals that glamorize risky adult behavior such as excessive drinking and sexual promiscuity. Parents and other socialization agents have arguably shirked their responsibilities when it comes to directing youth away from risky forms of behavior; thereby allowing the media a more fundamental influence.
In the context of this discourse, many commentators opine that by the age of 18, an individual will have spent more time watching television than any other activity besides sleep (Miles & Anderson, 1999). However, Miles (2000, p.73) is of the view that:
It is widely assumed that young people are affected more directly and negatively by the media than any other age group, research actually indicates that young people between the ages of 14 and 24 actually form one of the groups who currently spend the least time watching television. This is a paradox that has often been neglected in the literature. Ironically, the mass media itself has a vested interest in exaggerating the impact it has on young people’s lives because media-hype simply makes good ‘copy.’ Regardless of the actual time young people spend in watching television programmes and using other media, there is no doubt that the mass media have played and will continue to play an important role in structuring young people’s lives in some shape and form in a period of rapid social change (Miles, ibid).
The amount of media products consumed by young people has drastically expanded in recent years, allowing them to compose their own ‘media menu’ with their own preferences and likings. The youth itself is undergoing a period of rapid change, likewise the ways in which young people use the media. The advent of cable and satellite television has boosted TV viewing in recent years (Johnsson-Samaragdi, 1994). Osgerby (1998) further points out that the post-modern age brought with it the proliferation of media and information technologies which challenged traditional conceptions of time and space, symbolized most apparently by the global cultural flows and images evident in the programming of Music Television.
The Nigerian Television Authority or NTA is a Nigerian government-owned and partly commercial broadcast station. Originally known as Nigerian Television (NTV), it was inaugurated in 1977 with a monopoly on national television broadcasting, after a takeover of regional television stations by military governmental authorities in 1976. After declining interest from the public in government-influenced programming, it lost its monopoly over television broadcasting in Nigeria in the 1990s. The NTA runs the largest television network in Nigeria with stations in several parts of the country. It is widely viewed as the “authentic voice” of the Nigerian government (Okpara, 2018).
Reimer (1995) posits that young people’s use of the mass media binds them together more than any social activity (and hence their relationship with social change). Young people could be said to be united through their pursuit of pleasure through the mass media. The media (or the people behind it) are skilled at knowing what will appeal to the mass teenagers and use skillful manipulation to get messages across, buy into an idea or product that communicates an idea – like the status of having the latest ipod, i-touch or cell phone. However, Côté & Allahar (1996) argue that the manner in which the mass media, especially television portray aspects of the outside world might be said to actively prevent young people from developing a critical consciousness that will allow them prioritize larger issues of personal and social responsibility.
1.2 Statement of Problem
As one of the most popular public media, television is prominent in young people’s daily lives. Television still adorn our living rooms in most homes, and become the first item of entertainment outside the children‟s‟ door. While educational programs that begin by teaching children alphabets, colors and shapes early in life, tend to draw the attention of busy parents, research has shown that some television programs/contents are inappropriate especially for young minds. Unfortunately, television is a convenient pastime and viewers of all ages have access to all its programs/contents without restriction or inhibition.
The current trend of hip-hop music portrays lots of immoral pictures and videos, encouraging social vices, such as indecent dressing, alcoholism, drawing of tattoo, irresponsible hair style, to mention but a few. And the surprising thing is that, this music programme are being broadcasted on television within the broadcasters thinking of the social impacts of it on the society and the young people in particular. Previous studies has been carried out on impact of television of teenagers, students, children. But not much study has been on the influence of NTA hip-hop music programme on the social behaviour of students in Tertiary. People of this age group and level has great potential, Hence, this study attempts to examine NTA, Uyo Hip-Hop music programme and students’ social behaviour in Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
- Does the students of Akwapoly watch NTA Hip-Hip programme?
- What is the level of exposure of the student of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic to NTA hip-Hop music programme?
- What are the factors of the NTA Hip-Hop music programme that appeals to the students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic
- What is the influence of the programme on the social behaviour of students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic?
1.4 Research Questions
- Does the students of Akwapoly watch NTA Hip-Hip programme?
- What is the level of exposure of the student of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic to NTA hip-Hop music programme?
- What are the factors of the NTA Hip-Hop music programme that appeals to the students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic?
- What is the influence of the programme on the social behaviour of students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic?
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study covers NTA, Uyo Hip-Hip music programme and students social behaviour in Akwapoly and specifically discuss the influence of Hip-Hop music on students’ social behaviour. The study will also comprise of male and female students of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Nonetheless, parents of students and also students who are the at the heart of this study will understand fully the positive and negative roles entertainment television plays in contributing to shaping their social behaviour in their immediate environment.
It will also avail counsellors viable information on where and how teenagers draw inferences for their social behaviours. This is because teenagers might not only behave in a certain manner because of mere peer influence, but also from what they watch on television, especially from people or celebrities they see as role models.
The Nigerian music industry will benefits from the research work as it will stand as a comprehensive tool to enlighten the members of the industry on their responsibility to the molding of better behaviours in the society.
Nigeria media houses will benefits from the findings and recommendations stated in this work as it will help them to know the kind of music and culture they are to promote.
The information provided in this work will be of use not only to the general public, but also for posterity. As the public will be enlighten well on the influence of music to behaviour levels in the society.
It is also believed that the findings of this study will be an added resource to available literature and will be used to promote informed decision-making and policies by the regulating bodies of the broadcast and entertainment industry.
1.7 Limitations of The Study
There is no research or study without its own unique limitations, therefore the short comings of this research are:
- Due to the novelty of this study, there was insufficient relevant materials (journals, books, etc) for the literature review. Some journals are not accessible online and acquiring them could prove impossible considering the tedious procedure involved especially through online purchase.
- There was also reluctance and lack of cooperation on the part of some of the respondents in answering the questions in the questionnaire appropriately. This of course proved a serious limitation to this study.
- The fact that the method of study was survey and focus group discussion, means that it was mainly the opinion of the respondents that was ellicited, the sincerity of the respondents may not be known or determined.
- Another major limitation to the study is the fact that the study is about NTA Hip-Hop music programme influence on student social behaviour. The sample population for the study was taken from Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic. The representativeness of this sample may affect external validity and also the findings of the study cannot be easily generalised beyond the population of study.
1.8 Operational Definitions
Social behaviour: in this study examines communication, values, dressing, social interaction, etc, among students in Akwapoly.
Music: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. An example is the hi-hop music.
Nigerian Hip-Hop: A style of popular music of US black and Hispanic origin adopted by Nigeria musicians, featuring rap with an electronic backing.
Undergraduates: This are the students in Akwa Ibom State polytechnic who are currently in session.
Tertiary Institution: This referes to a higher school of learning such as Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic.
Influence: The capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions of others.
NTA: The Nigerian Television Authority or NTA is a Nigerian government-owned and partly commercial broadcast station.
Behaviour: Behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
