OSTEOPOROSIS IN THE ELDERLY: A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – i
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – – – – – – iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – v-vii
CHPATER ONE
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 1-2
CHAPTER TWO
HISTORY OF OSTEOPOROSIS – – – – – 3-4
2.1 Evolutionary Trend of Osteporosis – – – 4-5
2.2 Signs and Symptoms – – – – – – 5
2.2.1 Fractures – – – – – – – – 6
2.3 Risk Factors – – – – – – – 6-7
2.3.1 Non-modifiable Risk Factors – – – – – 8
2.3.2 Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors – – – – 9-10
2.4 Medical Disorders Associated with Osteoporosis – – 10-11
CHAPTER THREE
PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS – – – – 12-13
3.1 Diagnosis – – – – – – – – 13-14
3.1.1 Conventional Radiography – – – – – 14-15
3.1.2 Dual-Energy X-ray – – – – – – 15-16
3.1.3 Biomarkers – – – – – – – – 16-17
3.2 Prevention – – – – – – – – 17
3.2.1 Nutrition – – – – – – – – 18-19
3.2.2 Physical Exercise – – – – – – – 19-20
3.3 Management of Osteoporosis – – – – – 20
3.3.1 Lifestyle – – – – – – – – 21
3.3.2 Medications – – – – – – – 21-22
3.4 Prognosis – – – – – – – – 23
3.4.1 Vertebral Fractures – – – – – – 24
3.4.2 Rib Fractures – – – – – – – 24-25
3.5 Epidemiology – – – – – – – 25-26
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION – – – – – 27
4.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 27
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 27-28
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Oesteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bones among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip (Golob and Laya, 2015).
Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone (Handout on Health Osteoporosis, 2014).
Osteoporosis may be due to lower-than-normal maximum bone mass and greater-than-normal bone loss. Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen. Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries. Certain medication ns increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids Smoking and too little exercise are also risk factors (Well et al., 2008). Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become thin, brittle, and weak. These changes can increase the risk of fractures that can lead to disability which can be linked to an increased risk of death. Osteoporosis occurs often in women than in men (Jones et al., 2003).