TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – iv
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Temperature Scales – – – – – – – 3
2.1.1 Absolute Zero – – – – – – – – 4
2.1.2 Absolute Scales – – – – – – – 4
2.1.3 Kelvin Scales – – – – – – – 6
2.2 Kinetic Perspective of Temperature – – – – 6
2.3 Thermodynamics Perspective of Temperature – – – 9
2.4 Heat Capacity – – – – – – – – 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Temperature Measurement – – – – – – 13
3.1.1 Unit of Measurement of Temperature – – – – 14
3.2 Temperature Measurement Instrument and their
Principle of Operation – – – – – – 16
3.2.1 Electric Thermometer – – – – – – 17
3.2.2 Liquid-glass Thermometer – – – – – 18
3.2.3 Bimetallic Thermographs – – – – – – 19
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Summary and Conclusion – – – – – – 21
4.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 21
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 21
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer.
Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called centigrade), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life (Chang,2004).
