TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification-          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgement-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Content-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v-v

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION-      –         –         –         –         1

1.1     INTRODUCTION          –         –         –         –         –         –         1-2

CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW OF CHRONIC LEUKEMIA’S

2.1 Epidemiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-        –         5-6

2.2 Pathophysiology of CLL-    –         –         –         –         –         –         6-8

2.3 Prognostic characteristics and biomarkers-        –         –         –         8-9

2.4 Signs and symptoms of CLL-        –         –         –         –         –         9-11

2.5 Diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia-     –         –         –         12-14

2.6 Complications of chronic lymphocytic leukemia- –         –         14-16

CHAPTER THREE :LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA  CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT

3.1 Causes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia-          –         –         –         17-18

3.2 Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia- –         –         –         18-20

3.3 Prevention or reducing the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia – 21-25

3.4 Treatment of CLL- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         25-28

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary-        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         29-31

4.2 Conclusion- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         31

References

CHAPTER ONE:  INTRODUCTION

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer derived from bone marrow, the B-Lymphocyte is concerned with antibody production in response to stimulation from foreign antigens (hormonal immunity, chronic lymphocytic leukemia  is a mono clonal B- cell lymphoid leukemia characterized by the accumulation of phenotypical mature but immunological  incompetent malignant cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymphatic tissue like lymph nodes, spleen and liver, it is a clinical and molecular heterogeneous disease that is still incurable despite the important bio-molecular advance that occurred  over the past few decade

Chronic lymphocytic symptom include lymph node swelling, feeling tired, fever, night sweats or weight loss for no clear reason (anorexia) Enlargement of the spleen and low red blood cells anemia it typically worsen gradually over a year, Early stage of CLL are asymptomatic cases which responds better to careful observation there can be diagnosed check up on blood test finding high number of Mature lymphocytes and smudge cells. The evaluation of  lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly the Evolution and survival of the disease is highly variable reflecting it biological diversity. (Raolriguvez, Vicente, 2013).

Chronic lymphocytic risk, factor include, family history of diseases (inheritary) Exposure to certain insecticide of poisoning may tigger multiple lympiod causes cell disorder.

Immune defects occur early in cause of CLL and these increases the risk of developing serious infections, which should be treated appropriately with antibiotics, in those with significant symptom, chemotherapy or immunotherapy may be used (kipp et al., 2017). As of 2019  lbrutinib was recommended as initial medication, fludarabine cyclophosphamide and rituximab were previously the initial treatment for the Early symptom observed, or those who are other wise healthy (Hallek, 2017).

CLL affected about 904,000 people Globally is 2015 and resulted in 60, 700 death, the disease most commonly occur in people over the age of 50, men are diagnosed in twice as often as women (6.8to 3.5 ratio). This is much less in people from Asia, five year survival following diagnosis is approximately 83% in the united states this represent less than 1% of deaths for cancer.