TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgement –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Content    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v

CHAPTER ONE : Introduction         –         –         –         –         –         1-3

CHAPTER TWO: Definition and Causes of Climate Change   –         4

2.1     Definition / Explanation on Climate Change –         –         –         4

2.2 Causes of Climate Change on River Waters      –         –         –         4

2.2.1 Farming        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

2.2.2  Deforestation                  –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2.3  Fertilizer     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

2.2.4  Oil Drilling –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6

2.2.5  Natural Gas Drilling       –         –         –         –         –         –         6-7

2.2.6  Permafrost  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         7

2.2.7  Garbage       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.2.8 Volcanic Eruption   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

CHAPTER THREE: Impact of Climate Change on River Waters/Remedies

3.1     Impact of Climate Change on River Waters   –         –         –         10

3.1.1  Hydromorphology and Ecology          –         –         –         –         10

3.1.2 Nutrients and Eutrophication      –         –         –         –         –         11

3.1.3 Toxic Substances    –         –         –         –         —       –         –         12-13

3.1.4 Acidification and Doc in the Uplands   –         –         –         –         13-14

3.2 Remedies of Climate Change         –         –         –         –         –         14-15

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         16

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use like serving as drinking water, and or undergoes a marked shift in its to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms and the earthquakes cause major change in water quality and the ecological status of water (Farid, 2002).

Human and industrial activities also result in the threatening the health of the population and damaging the quality of the environment by reordering water bodies unsuitable (Abowei and Sikoki, 2005); yet aquatic resources consist of extremely wide range of flora and fauna resources which offer a board array of goods with potential utilization application in agriculture, innovative industry and the pharmaceutical industry which renders valuable benefits and services. Aquatic environment also provides food and shelter for fishes, crustaceans, molluski, sea turtles, whales, crocodiles and nutrient it supplies for, economically important fish species (Zabadal et al., 2005).

Across many parts of the world the water environment is facing increasing challenges. Loadings of nutrients have increased significantly, air pollution has caused surface water acidification, a wide variety of pollutant at discharge to water courses and abstractions from river and ground water have affected flow regimes. As 2009, only 44% of rivers in the 27  member states of the European Union, plus Norway were classified as being of “good’ or ‘high’ ecological status (European Commission, 2002), and in some regions less than 10% of rivers met this standard (Spanhoff et al., 2012).

Climate change poses an additional challenges. It has the potential to affect the water environment through changes to water quantity and quality and fresh water biodiversity, and to influence the effectiveness of management measures required to restore water quality. A major assessment of the probable impact of climate change on European lakes rivers and wetlands has been conducted recently (Icernan et al., 2010) and George (2010) examined the potential impact of climate change on the nutrient status of European lakes, but a thorough systematic study of the impact of climate change on the water environment in England has yet to be carried out.

It must be apparent that without a rigorous programme of regulation and control of aquatic pollution and mismanagement of aquatic resources, all the criteria and standards will project the quality of the aquatic environment. But it will be clear that if a pollution control programme is to be effective and if maximum benefit is to be realized with a given expenditure, well found and comprehensive criteria must be available (Young and Halleman, 1985).