TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                          –          –           –           –           –           –           –           i

CERTIFICATION                   –          –           –           –           –           –           –           ii

DEDICATION                         –          –           –           –           –           –           –           iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT       –          –           –           –           –           –           –           iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS        –          –           –           –           –           –           –           v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study   –          –           –           –           –           –           –           1

CHAPTER TWO: CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS OF CYCLOSPORIASIS

2.1 Cyclosporiasis                   –          –           –           –           –           –           –           4

2.2 History of Cyclosporiasis –          –           –           –           –           –           –           5

2.3 Taxonomy of Cyclosporiasis       –           –           –           –           –           –           6

2.4 Causes of Cyclosporiasis  –          –           –           –           –           –           –           7

2.5 Symptoms of Cyclosporiasis        –           –           –           –           –           –           8

2.6 Diagnosis of Cyclosporiasis         –           –           –           –           –           –           9

CHAPTER THREE: IMPLICATIONS AND TREATMENT OF CYCLOSPORIASIS

3.1 Pathophysiology of Cyclosporiasis          –           –           –           –           –           11

3.2 Health implications of Cyclosporiasis     –           –           –           –           –           12

3.3 Prevention of Cyclosporiasis       –           –           –           –           –           –           14

3.4 Treatment of Cyclosporiasis        –           –           –           –           –           –           16

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary                           –          –           –           –           –           –           –           18

4.2 Conclusion                        –          –           –           –           –           –           –           18

References                        –          –           –           –           –           –           –

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent) (Greenwood and Earnshaw, 1997). Water is fundamental to life, agriculture, animal husbandry and modern industrial society. The absence of water precludes human existence. Both quantity and quality of water is important. Reuse of water is common and through this component human pathogens (of animal, human or environmental origin) can be introduced into water that may be used multiple times between the time it falls from the sky and enters the sea (Reece, 2013).

Waterborne diseases are personally linked not only to the ingestion of, or exposure to, water, but also how human and animal feces are isolated from water and food supplies (sanitation) and substantial cleansing (hygiene). Fecal pathogens, through inadequate or absent sewage, may enter surface waters (rivers, lakes and recreational pools) or groundwater (accessed through wells and boreholes) to infect new hosts. Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human wellbeing, such as death, disability, illness or disorders) (Von, 2015) caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. These illnesses can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. Commonly recognized waterborne infections include; Escherichia coli, Giardiasis, Hot tub rash (Pseudomonas Folliculitis), Cryptosporidiosis, Legionellosis, harmful algal blooms and Cyclosporiasis. While diarrhea and vomiting are the foremost commonly detailed side effects of waterborne sickness, other indications can incorporate skin, ear, respiratory or eyes issues. Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene are major causes for the spread of waterborne illnesses in a community. Hence, reliable access to clean drinking water and sanitation is the most strategy to avoid water borne infections. Micro-organisms causing disease that characteristically are waterborne noticeably incorporate protozoa and microscopic organisms, numerous of which are intestinal parasites, or attack the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. Various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses. Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes a diarrheal disease called Cyclosporiasis (an emerging gastro-enteric disease) in humans and possibly other primates. It is a parasite composed of one cell, too small to be seen without a microscope.