THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN THE MAINTENANCE OF THE HEART
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – i
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – iv
TABLE OF CONTENT – – – – – – – v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF MAGNESIUM
2.1 Occurrence of Magnesium – – – – – 6
2.2 Production of Magnesium – – – – – 9
2.3 Mechanism of action of magnesium – – – – 11
2.4 Food Sources of Magnesium – – – – – 11
2.5 Dietary Recommendation – – – – – 12
2.6 Metabolism of Magnesium – – – – – 12
2.7 Magnesium Deficiency – – – – – – 13
2.8 Nutrition and Bioavailability of Magnesium – – 14
CHAPTR THREE: THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN THE MAINTENANCE OF THE HEART
3.1 Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular diseases – 17
3.1.1 Congestive Heart Failure – – – – – 18
3.1.2 Arrhymias – – – – – – – – 21
3.1.3 Stroke – – – – – – – – 24
3.1.4 Coronary Heart Disease – – – – – – 26
3.2 Circulating Magnesium and Cardiovascular Diseases – 28
3.2.1 Coronary Disease and Stroke – – – – – 28
3.2.2 Atrial Fibrilation and Sudden Death – – – – 31
3.2.3 Atheriosclerosis and Coronary Artery Calcification – 32
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 33
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 34
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral for human health, representing the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It is involved in important metabolic processes including ATP-dependent biochemical reactions, synthesis of DNA, RNA expression, cell signaling at muscle and nerve levels, and glucose and blood pressure (BP) control, among others (Grober et al., 2015). To guarantee the correct functioning of these processes, humans require a continuous supply of Mg from exogenous sources, i.e., dietary intake. Nuts, seeds, legumes, whole-grain cereals, leafy vegetables or water are well-recognized dietary sources of Mg , regular consumption of which helps in meeting the recommended dietary allowance currently set at 420 mg/day for adult men and 320 mg/day for adult women (standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary references intakes, et al., 1997).
Magnesium requirements vary across age, sex and physiological situations. Dietary surveys in Europe and the United States have shown that daily allowance of Mg are unmet in a large proportion of the population, probably as a result of following Western dietary patterns. Several publications and recent meta-analyses have revealed inverse associations of dietary Mg intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome (MetS) or hypertension; and total mortality (Fang et al., 2016).
Similarly, chronic Mg deficiency (defined as circulating [Mg2+] < 1.8 mg/dL) has been associated with increased risk of several. Similarly, chronic Mg deficiency (defined as circulating [Mg2+] < 1.8 mg/dL) has been associated with increased risk of several cardio‐metabolic conditions (Del et al., 2013) . A low inter‐correlation between dietary Mg and circulating [Mg2+] has been described (Chiuve et al., 2013), possibly as a result of the tight homeostatic regulation of [Mg2+] through renal reabsorption and excretion, although the determinants of variation within the normal physiologic range are not well understood. For instance, genetic variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms may account for less than 2% of the variance in serum [Mg2+] (Meyer et al., 2010), and the understanding of the influence of endocrine factors on Mg homeostasis need to be clarified (Saris, 2000). Additionally, serum Mg only represents a minimal proportion of the Mg present in the entire body and thus intracellular [Mg2+] may be a more accurate method reflecting Mg status yet with additional difficulties to be measured (Ketteler, 2012). Despite of this, and their low inter‐correlation, both Mg intake and circulating [Mg2+] have been repeatedly associated with cardiovascular health and therefore both are of great research interest.
