TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification-          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgement —       –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction-         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1-4

CHAPTER TWO: VITAMIN K

2.1     History or vitamin K-      –         –         –         –         –         –         5-7

2.2     The K vitamin –     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.2.1  Nomenclature-      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.2.2  Structure-    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8-9

2.2.3 Occurrence- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         9-10

2.3     Food sources of vitamin K-       –         –         –         –         –         10-13

2.4     Vitamin K requirement-   –         –         –         –         –         –         14-15

2.5     Absorption of vitamin K- –         –         –         –         –         –         15-16

2.6     Deficiency Disease-         –         –         –         –         –         –         16-17

CHAPTER THREE: VITAMIN AND BLOOD CLOTTING

3.1     The Role of Vitamin K in Blood Clotting-     –         –         –         18

3.2     Functions of vitamin K –  –         –         –         –         –         –         19

3.2.1 Effect of vitamin K on coagulation –   –         –         –         –         19

3.2.2 Effect of Vitamin K on bone health-    –         –         –         –         19-20

3.2.3 Effect of Vitamin K on nervous system-        –         –         –         20

3.3     Vitamin K Importance in Intent-          –         –         –         –         20-21

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1     Summary-    –         —       –         –         –         –         –         –         22

4.2     Conclusion- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         23

Reference

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin k refers to the structurally similar far-soluble vitamin found in foods and marketed as dietary supplement. The human body requires vitamin k for post-Syria thesis modification of certain proteins  that are required for blood coagulation (K  from Coagulation, German for “Coagulation” ) or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. The complete  Synthesis  involves final modification of these so-called “Gla proteins” by the enzyme gamma glut amyl carboxylase that uses vitamin k as a compactor. Vitamin k is used in the liver as the Intermediate VKH₂  to deprotonate  a  glut a mate residue and then is reprocessed into vitamin k through a vitamin k oxide intermediate. The presence of uncarboxylated protein indicates a vitamin k deficiency. Carboxylation allows them to bind (chelate ) calcium ions which they cannot do otherwise without  vitamin k blood coagulation is seriously impaired and  uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Research suggest that deficiency of vitamin k may also weaken bones, potentially contributing to osteoporosis and may promote calcification of arteries other soft tissues. Chemically the vitamin k family comprises 2- methyl -1-4- naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin k includes two natural vitamins: Vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone ) and vitamin K ₂  (Mcnaquinone). Vitamin K₂, in turns consist of a number of related chemical subtypes with differing lengths of carbon side chain made of isoprenoid groups of atoms. The two most studied one are menaquinone -4 (m k -4) and menaquinone -7 (m k -7).

Vitamin k, is made by plant and it found in highest amount in green leggy vegetables, because it is directly involved in Photosynthesis. It  is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin k, including it’s activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin k₂, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K₁ into MK-4. All forms of K₂  other than MK-4 can only produced by bacteria, which vse these during an aero bicresbic respiration. Vitamin K₃  (mcnadione) a synthetic from of vitamin K was used to fret vitamin K deficiency but because if interferes with the function of glutathione, it is no longer used this way in human nutrition. The pure vitamin (K₁) was derived from alfalfa in 1939 it was subsequently realized that a second form (K₂) with the more unsaturated side chain was synthesized by the bacteria. Vitamin K₁ and K₂ occurs naturaly and are primarily present in vegetables with green veers. They absorbed from the small intestine. The quality of fat in the diet and the production of bile acid in the liver are essential for absorption. Similar to other lipid soluble vitamins, vitamin K₁ and K₂  are initially spread in chylomicrons (cm_g) that go into the circulation vitamin lymphatic’s.

The synthetic type of vitamin K (vitamin K₃) is soluble in water and absorbed in the lack of bile acid, directly moving from the mucosal cells of the intestine into the liver portal blood. Liver consider as the storing of vitamin K. vitamin K is essential for hepatic post synthetic activation of coagulation factor ii (prothrombin) vii, ix and x, in addition to anti-coagulant protein C and S initially all are synthesized as bio-active precursor protein by the liver. Thus vitamin k deficiency expend the clotting time. Vitamin k deficiency is usually caused by abnormal absorption rather than in the lack of vitamin in food vitamin k has an essential role for numerous physiological processes as the sole cofactor of Y-ghutamy  carboxylase enzyme (G G (X) that catalyzed post translational shift-which lead to vitamin k – dependent protein (VKDP_S) activation engaged in the formation of borer turner growth pretention. Inflammatory reactions and several other biological important function.