APPLICATION OF DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE- – – – – – – – – i
CERTIFICATION- – – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION- – – – – – – – – iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- – – – – – – iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS- – – – – – – v-v
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction- – – – – – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Density and Relative density– – – – – – 3
2.1 Concept of density- – – – – – – 3
2.2 Relative density- – – – – – – – 4
2.3 Hydrometer- – – – – – – – 5
2.4 Buoyancy- – – – – – – – – 6
2.5 Archimedes principle- – – – – – – 7
2.6 Floatation- – – – – – – – – 8
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Application of density and Relative density- – – – 10
3.1 Determination of the buoyancy of a substance- – – 10
3.2 Determination of mineral content of a rack- – – – 10
3.3 Determination of concentration of substance in aqueous –
solution- – – – – – – – – 10
3.4 Determination of relative density in the petroleum
Industry- – – – – – – – – 10
3.5 Determination of heavy molecular weight- – – – 11
3.6 Determination of the density of an unknown substance- 11
3.7 Testing the purity of a substance- – – – – 11
3.8 Measurement of Relative density- – – – – 12
3.8.1 Hydrostatic weighing- – – – – – – 12
3.8.2 Hydrometer- – – – – – – – 13
3.8.3 Pycnometer- – – – – – – – – 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation- – – – – 17
4.1 Summary- – – – – – – – – 17
4.2 Conclusion- – – – – – – – – 18
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is (the lower case Greek letter refer rho) although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass of the substance divided by its volume.
Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density rather it increase its mass (Hugh et al., 2011).
Different materials usually have different densities and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging (Laudan, 2004). Osinium and Iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity “relative density” or “specific gravity” that is the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one relative to water means that the substance floats in water (Henderson, 2008). The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature increasing the pressure always increase the density of a material. Increasing the temperature generally decreases the density, but there are notable exceptions to this generalization. For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0oC and 4oC, similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures (Eggers, 1997).
The effect of pressure and temperature on the densities of liquids and solids is small. This research seminar seeks to highlight the various applications of density and relative density.
