TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page-   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         i

Certification-          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         ii

Dedication-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         iii

Acknowledgements-        –         –         –         –         –         –         iv

Table of Contents- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         v-vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1-2

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     History and Origin of Transistors-       –         –         –         –         3

2.1.1  Bipitar Transistors-          –         –         –         –         –         –         4-6

2.1.2  MOS Transistors-  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6-8

2.2.    Other Types of Transistors-       –         –         –         –         –         9

2.2.1  Field – Effect Transistors-         –         –         –         –         –         9-11

2.2.2  Meta – Oxide Semi Conductors FET (MOSFET)-   –         –         11-12

2.2.3  Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJ]-         –         –         –         –         12-14

2.3     Classification of Transistors-     –         –         –         –         –         14-16

2.4     Transistor Theory- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         16-17

2.4.1  NPN Transistor Operations –     –         –         –         –         –         17-20

2.4.2  PNP Transistor Operation-        –         –         –         –         –         20-22

2.5     Types of Bias-       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         22-26

2.6     Transistor Configurations —      –         –         –         –         –         26-27

2.6.1  Common Emitter – –         –         –         –         –         –         –         28-30

2.6.2  Common Base-      –        –         –         –         –         –         –         30-32

2.6.3  Common Collector-         –         –         –         –         –         –         32-34

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Importance of Transistor in Electronics-        –         –         –         35-37

3.1     Application of Transistors-        –         –         –         –         –         37-38

3.1.1  Transistor as Switch –      –         –         –         –         –         –         38-40

3.1.2  Transistor as an Amplifier –       –         –         –         –         –         41

CHAPTER FOUR 

4.0     Summary and Conclusion-        –         –         –         –         –         42

4.1     Summary-    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         42-43

4.2     Conclusion- –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         43

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semi-conductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics [Britannica, 2021]. It is composed of semi-conductor material, usually with at least three terminals. For connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminal controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled [output] power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Austro – Hungarian physicist Julius  Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field – effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time [Lojek, 2007]. The first working device to be built was a point – contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell labs. The three shared the 1956 Nobel prize in physics for their achievements. The most widely used type of transistor is the metal – oxide – semi – conductor field – effect transistor [MOSFET], which was invented by Mohammed Atalla and Dawn Kahng at Bell labs in 1959 [Lojek, 2007]. Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators and computers, among other things.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other semi – conductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field – effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipilar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantaged over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.